Symmetry of Energy Divergence Anomalies Associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. ENSO Events
2.2. Reanalysis Data
2.3. Vertically Integrated Energy Budget
2.4. Data Scaling
2.5. Symmetry and Asymmetry
3. Results
3.1. Sensible Heat Flux Divergence
3.2. Symmetry and Asymmetry of Sensible Heat Flux Divergence
3.3. Latent Heat Flux Divergence
3.4. Symmetry and Asymmetry of Latent Heat Flux Divergence
4. Discussion
4.1. ENSO, PNA, and NAO Climate Variability
4.2. Eurasia and the Southern Hemisphere
4.3. Directions for Future Work
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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El Niño | DJF ONI | La Niña | DJF ONI |
---|---|---|---|
1979–1980 | 0.6 °C | 1983–1984 | −0.6 °C |
1982–1983 | 2.2 °C | 1984–1985 | −1.0 °C |
1986–1987 | 1.2 °C | 1988–1989 | −1.7 °C |
1987–1988 | 0.8 °C | 1995–1996 | −0.9 °C |
1991–1992 | 1.7 °C | 1998–1999 | −1.5 °C |
1994–1995 | 1.0 °C | 1999–2000 | −1.7 °C |
1997–1998 | 2.2 °C | 2000–2001 | −0.7 °C |
2002–2003 | 0.9 °C | 2005–2006 | −0.8 °C |
2004–2005 | 0.6 °C | 2007–2008 | −1.6 °C |
2006–2007 | 0.7 °C | 2008–2009 | −0.8 °C |
2009–2010 | 1.5 °C | 2010–2011 | −1.4 °C |
2014–2015 | 0.6 °C | 2011–2012 | −0.8 °C |
2015–2016 | 2.5 °C |
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Kutta, E.; Hubbart, J.A.; Eichler, T.P.; Lupo, A.R. Symmetry of Energy Divergence Anomalies Associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090342
Kutta E, Hubbart JA, Eichler TP, Lupo AR. Symmetry of Energy Divergence Anomalies Associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Atmosphere. 2018; 9(9):342. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090342
Chicago/Turabian StyleKutta, Evan, Jason A. Hubbart, Timothy P. Eichler, and Anthony R. Lupo. 2018. "Symmetry of Energy Divergence Anomalies Associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation" Atmosphere 9, no. 9: 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090342