Two Dimensional Model for Backwater Geomorphology: Darby Creek, PA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Integrated Model
- (1)
- The International River Interface Cooperative Hydraulic Model (iRIC) was used to simulate WSE in the normal zone for a specific discharge.
- (2)
- A 1D water surface profile model [43] was used to generate WSE in the BW zone for the same discharge used in step 1.
- (3)
- The water surface profile in the transitional zone was linearly adjusted between the BW and normal zones.
2.3. Data Integration
2.4. Water Surface Profile Generation
2.5. Hydraulic Model Analysis
2.6. Modeling Flood Extent, Frictional Slope, and Shear Stress
2.7. Geomorphic Analysis
2.8. Iterative Process
2.9. Verification of Geomorphic Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Water Surface Elevation
3.2. Analysis of the Geomorphic Model
- (a)
- The presence of water over the land, and that the ground information had not been captured by the satellite images.
- (b)
- A single discharge simulation rather than a full hydrograph did not capture the differences. That means that with regard to morphological alterations, a single discharge might poorly represent a hydrograph.
- (c)
- The vegetation present when the satellite images were captured could cause differences.
- (d)
- The discrepancy between the model and the satellite images also might stem from sensitivity of the model toward the selected sediment size, because it is based on a single grain size. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the model’s sensitivity to sediment grain size.
- (e)
- The choice of the sediment transport equation used in the model. The integrated model can be enhanced by including other transport models that can address the mobility of different sediment sizes.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Source |
---|---|
Basin DEM based on LiDAR (2006–2008) | Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA), PAMAP Program [44] |
LiDAR cloud point (2015) | PASDA, City of Philadelphia [45] |
Bathymetry (2008) | Bathymetric Data Viewer, NOAA [46] |
Discharge (2006–2016) and measured water surface elevation (2015) | National Water Information System, USGS [47] |
Stage | Tides at Marcus Hook [48], Philadelphia, PA—NOAA Tides & [49] |
Sediment grain size | Collected bed sediment samples |
Landsat satellite images | USGS Earth Explorer [50] |
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Hosseiny, H.; Smith, V. Two Dimensional Model for Backwater Geomorphology: Darby Creek, PA. Water 2019, 11, 2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112204
Hosseiny H, Smith V. Two Dimensional Model for Backwater Geomorphology: Darby Creek, PA. Water. 2019; 11(11):2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112204
Chicago/Turabian StyleHosseiny, Hossein, and Virginia Smith. 2019. "Two Dimensional Model for Backwater Geomorphology: Darby Creek, PA" Water 11, no. 11: 2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112204