Dynamics of Runoff and Soil Erosion on Abandoned Steep Vineyards in the Mosel Area, Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Methods
2.3. Rainfall Simulation Experiments
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Evolution of Wine-Growing Surface
3.2. Surface Dynamics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Management Group | RS Experiments |
---|---|---|
Kanzem | abold | 14 |
coold | 11 | |
ecold | 11 | |
ecyoung | 9 | |
Waldrach | abold | 13 |
abyoung | 9 | |
coold | 9 | |
coyoung | 6 |
Variables | Area | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kanzem | Waldrach | t-Test | |||||||
avg | stddev | min | max | avg | stddev | min | max | Sig. (2-tailed) | |
spQ | 2.3 | 3.9 | 0 | 16.9 | 3.4 | 5.3 | 0 | 25.9 | 0.29 |
RC | 11.6 | 19.2 | 0 | 82.8 | 17.2 | 23.5 | 0 | 88.9 | 0.24 |
spSY | 10.1 | 21.5 | 0 | 95.9 | 23.3 | 66.6 | 0 | 373.2 | 0.21 |
SSC | 1.6 | 2.9 | 0 | 10.9 | 2.9 | 5.5 | 0 | 25.2 | 0.17 |
des. par. | spQ | RC | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
abold | abyoung | coold | coyoung | ecold | ecyoung | abold | abyoung | coold | coyoung | ecold | ecyoung | |
avg | 1.2 | 6.4 | 3.1 | 9.0 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 5.9 | 35.2 | 15.3 | 40.7 | 2.4 | 11.8 |
median | 0.0 | 6.1 | 0.9 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 32.7 | 5.3 | 39.1 | 0.0 | 4.3 |
stdev | 2.8 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 9.2 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 13.9 | 21.2 | 22.1 | 31.2 | 8.0 | 14.7 |
min | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
max | 12.9 | 14.8 | 16.9 | 25.9 | 5.3 | 8.2 | 63.5 | 78.3 | 82.8 | 88.9 | 26.4 | 39.7 |
des. par. | spSY | SSC | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
abold | abyoung | coold | coyoung | ecold | ecyoung | abold | abyoung | coold | coyoung | ecold | ecyoung | |
Avg | 1.6 | 64.7 | 17.8 | 38.7 | 0.5 | 10.3 | 0.3 | 6.5 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 2.1 |
median | 0.0 | 10.0 | 1.3 | 7.6 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 1.3 |
stdev | 4.7 | 121.5 | 28.1 | 52.7 | 1.7 | 18.3 | 0.8 | 8.5 | 3.7 | 6.6 | 0.3 | 2.6 |
min | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
max | 20.8 | 373.2 | 95.9 | 119.3 | 5.7 | 56.7 | 3.3 | 25.2 | 10.9 | 18.0 | 1.1 | 6.9 |
Group Pairs | spQ | RC | spSY | SSC | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | corr. p | p | corr. p | p | corr. p | p | corr. p | |
ecold-abold | 0.382 | 1.000 | 0.380 | 1.000 | 0.457 | 1.000 | 0.572 | 1.000 |
ecold-ecyoung | 0.071 | 1.000 | 0.078 | 1.000 | 0.046 | 0.968 | 0.035 | 0.731 |
ecold-coold | 0.018 | 0.378 | 0.021 | 0.437 | 0.006 | 0.135 | 0.002 | 0.047 |
ecold-abyoung | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.020 |
ecold-coyoung | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
abold-ecyoung | 0.195 | 1.000 | 0.215 | 1.000 | 0.102 | 1.000 | 0.052 | 1.000 |
abold-coold | 0.051 | 1.000 | 0.061 | 1.000 | 0.010 | 0.217 | 0.001 | 0.029 |
abold-abyoung | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 0.001 | 0.023 |
abold-coyoung | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
ecyoung-coold | 0.848 | 1.000 | 0.849 | 1.000 | 0.753 | 1.000 | 0.622 | 1.000 |
ecyoung-abyoung | 0.026 | 0.552 | 0.020 | 0.419 | 0.097 | 1.000 | 0.167 | 1.000 |
ecyoung-coyoung | 0.046 | 0.963 | 0.034 | 0.715 | 0.041 | 0.864 | 0.074 | 1.000 |
coold-abyoung | 0.016 | 0.328 | 0.011 | 0.231 | 0.108 | 1.000 | 0.254 | 1.000 |
coold-coyoung | 0.036 | 0.758 | 0.025 | 0.533 | 0.037 | 0.782 | 0.108 | 1.000 |
abyoung-coyoung | 0.992 | 1.000 | 0.970 | 1.000 | 0.868 | 1.000 | 0.830 | 1.000 |
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Seeger, M.; Rodrigo-Comino, J.; Iserloh, T.; Brings, C.; Ries, J.B. Dynamics of Runoff and Soil Erosion on Abandoned Steep Vineyards in the Mosel Area, Germany. Water 2019, 11, 2596. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122596
Seeger M, Rodrigo-Comino J, Iserloh T, Brings C, Ries JB. Dynamics of Runoff and Soil Erosion on Abandoned Steep Vineyards in the Mosel Area, Germany. Water. 2019; 11(12):2596. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122596
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeeger, Manuel, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Thomas Iserloh, Christine Brings, and Johannes B. Ries. 2019. "Dynamics of Runoff and Soil Erosion on Abandoned Steep Vineyards in the Mosel Area, Germany" Water 11, no. 12: 2596. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122596