Sub-Daily Rainfall Intensity Extremes: Evaluating Suitable Indices at Australian Arid and Wet Tropical Observing Sites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Exploring the dependence of the most intense rainfalls on temperature (dry bulb or dew point) and possible secular change of intensity under global warming;
- Climatological description and the provision of necessary intensity and duration information for planning of urban drainage systems, including assessment of secular intensity change;
- To assist in understanding the triggering of mass movements, the drivers of soil erosion, and related phenomena;
- For hydrologic applications, including research on water partitioning, infiltration, canopy interception, and others.
- What diurnal and seasonal variability is shown by intensity data at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min ADs? The objective in exploring this is to document the nature of the population of such intensities, which is the little-explored context (the statistical population) from which measures of extremes are sampled. To what extent do the patterns of variability differ between arid and very wet observing sites?
- Is the widely-used index of extreme rainfall, the 95th percentile of rainfall amounts (or equivalently, intensities) over short ADs [23,39], a meaningful index for application of intensity data to landsurface processes? Might an index based on rainfall amounts delivered above an intensity threshold (RQ95, introduced below) be more informative?
- To what extent can descriptors of extreme rainfall intensity that rely on percentiles of a wide distribution of intensities, and which are therefore not associated with any fixed intensity, be used to compare the rainfall climates of wet and dry locations, or to detect secular change in intensity?
Short AD Rainfall Data as Measures of Rainfall Intensity Extremes: Approaches and Indices
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Sites and Data Collection
2.2. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Seasonal Distributions of Short-AD Rainfall Intensities
3.2. Diurnal Cycle of Short-Duration Intensity Extremes
3.3. The 5-min and Unaggregated ITT Intensity Data: Full Period of Record
4. Discussion
4.1. Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Short AD Rainfall Intensities
4.2. What Best Reflects Extremes of Rainfall Intensity
4.3. Data Availability and the Detection of Intensity Extremes
4.4. The Proposed RQ95 Index
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Field Site | MM | FG | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Percentile of | 5-Min AD Intensities (mm h−1) | Unaggregated ITT Intensities (mm h−1) | 5-Min AD Intensities (mm h−1) | Unaggregated ITT Intensities (mm h−1) |
Q90 | 8 | 48.0 | 15 | 48.7 |
Q95 | 14 | 65.5 | 20 | 71.2 |
Q99 | 32 | 119.9 | 40 | 120.0 |
Q99.5 | 42 | 179.9 | 55 | 133.3 |
Q99.9 | 68.1 | 240.0 | 90 | 161.1 |
maximum | 152 | 719.9 | 110 | 211.8 |
Field Site | MM | FG | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Intensity (mm h−1) | Percentile of Rain Depth (RQ) | Percentile of 5-Min ADs (Q) | Percentile of Rain Depth (RQ) | Percentile of 5-Min ADs (Q) |
≤2 | 28.91 | 63.1 | - | - |
≤5 | 44.24 | 79.86 | 51.87 | 78.88 |
≤10 | 66.76 | 93.49 | 66.37 | 89.91 |
≤15 | 73.94 | 95.94 | 73.88 | 93.72 |
≤20 | 80.46 | 97.56 | 78.74 | 95.57 |
≤50 | 95.36 | 99.70 | 94.92 | 99.46 |
≤100 | 99.50 | 99.98 | 99.59 | 99.97 |
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Dunkerley, D. Sub-Daily Rainfall Intensity Extremes: Evaluating Suitable Indices at Australian Arid and Wet Tropical Observing Sites. Water 2019, 11, 2616. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122616
Dunkerley D. Sub-Daily Rainfall Intensity Extremes: Evaluating Suitable Indices at Australian Arid and Wet Tropical Observing Sites. Water. 2019; 11(12):2616. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122616
Chicago/Turabian StyleDunkerley, David. 2019. "Sub-Daily Rainfall Intensity Extremes: Evaluating Suitable Indices at Australian Arid and Wet Tropical Observing Sites" Water 11, no. 12: 2616. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122616