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Volume 11
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10.3390/w11020277
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Article

Evaluation of Health Risks Due to Heavy Metals in a Rural Population Exposed to Atoyac River Pollution in Puebla, Mexico

by
Gabriela Pérez Castresana
1,2,
Elsa Castañeda Roldán
3,
Wendy A. García Suastegui
2,
José L. Morán Perales
2,
Abel Cruz Montalvo
4 and
Anabella Handal Silva
2,*
1
Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
2
Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
3
Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Departamento de Patogenicidad Microbiana, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
4
Departamento de Investigación en Ciencias Agrícolas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2019, 11(2), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020277
Submission received: 29 November 2018 / Revised: 23 January 2019 / Accepted: 25 January 2019 / Published: 5 February 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
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Abstract

The health risks of Emilio Portes Gil’s population, for the exposition to the Atoyac River pollution in the State of Puebla, was evaluated. The objective was to determine the concentration of nine heavy metals by ingesting water from wells and spri ngs. The chronic daily water intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk index (CRI) in adults, teenagers, and children were estimated. The results showed that the concentration of Fe, Al, Ni, and Pb in some of the samples exceeded the recommended standards for human consumption and was significantly higher in the dry season. The hazard index (HI), due to the collective intake of metals, was higher in children (>50% compared to adults), due to the consumption of spring water in the dry season. Risk of noncancerous diseases was not detected in the long term, since the indices did not exceed the unit (reference value). The carcinogenic risk from oral exposure to Cr (CRIchildren = 3.2 × 10−4), was greater than the acceptable limit (1 × 10−6) in the water spring, and Cr and Pb were the main metals that contributed to the potential health risk of the inhabitants. The study showed the risks by the intake of polluted water from the sources of supply in the region, and that the risk is higher in the dry season (>100% compared with rainy season).
Keywords: water well; spring water; pollution water; risk evaluation; Atoyac river; E. Portes Gil water well; spring water; pollution water; risk evaluation; Atoyac river; E. Portes Gil

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pérez Castresana, G.; Castañeda Roldán, E.; García Suastegui, W.A.; Morán Perales, J.L.; Cruz Montalvo, A.; Handal Silva, A. Evaluation of Health Risks Due to Heavy Metals in a Rural Population Exposed to Atoyac River Pollution in Puebla, Mexico. Water 2019, 11, 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020277

AMA Style

Pérez Castresana G, Castañeda Roldán E, García Suastegui WA, Morán Perales JL, Cruz Montalvo A, Handal Silva A. Evaluation of Health Risks Due to Heavy Metals in a Rural Population Exposed to Atoyac River Pollution in Puebla, Mexico. Water. 2019; 11(2):277. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020277

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pérez Castresana, Gabriela, Elsa Castañeda Roldán, Wendy A. García Suastegui, José L. Morán Perales, Abel Cruz Montalvo, and Anabella Handal Silva. 2019. "Evaluation of Health Risks Due to Heavy Metals in a Rural Population Exposed to Atoyac River Pollution in Puebla, Mexico" Water 11, no. 2: 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020277

APA Style

Pérez Castresana, G., Castañeda Roldán, E., García Suastegui, W. A., Morán Perales, J. L., Cruz Montalvo, A., & Handal Silva, A. (2019). Evaluation of Health Risks Due to Heavy Metals in a Rural Population Exposed to Atoyac River Pollution in Puebla, Mexico. Water, 11(2), 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020277

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