Storm Energy Flux Characterization along the Mediterranean Coast of Andalusia (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Study Area
3. Methods
3.1. Wave Climate Preliminary Analysis
3.2. Storm Classification Using the Energy Flux
The Return Period of the Energy Flux of Storms
3.3. Stormy Year
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Wave Height Characterization
4.2. Storm Characterization
4.3. Characterization of Stormy Years
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CDF | Cumulative Distribution Function |
ECMWF | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts |
ERA-Interim | ECMWF Reanalysis (from January 1979 onward) |
POT | Peak Over Threshold |
WAM | Wave Model |
Symbols
Duration of i-th storm | |
Total energy i-th storm | |
Weibull Cumulative Distribution Function of energy flux | |
Frequency of occurrence related to the empirical recurrence interval | |
g | Gravity acceleration |
Spectral significant wave height | |
Monthly mean of maximum spectral wave height within the studied date-range (35 years) | |
Wave height threshold for storm definition | |
Mean number of events per year | |
m | Number of events (upper threshold) within the studied date-range (35 years) |
Mean of total energy within the studied date-range (35 years) | |
N | Number of storm events |
P | Energy flux or wave power per unit of wave-front length |
The stormy year empirical recurrence interval | |
Water volumetric mass density | |
Standard deviation of total energy within the studied date-range (35 years) | |
Energy period | |
Return period related to the probability of exceedance | |
u | Weibull function second parameter |
w | Weibull function first parameter |
X | Abscissa of auxiliary variable for linear fitting |
Y | Ordinate of auxiliary variable for linear fitting |
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Point | Class | [kWh/m] | Frequency [%] | [m] | [s] | D [days] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean | Mean | Standard Deviation | Mean | Mean | |||
I | 108 | 503 | 265 | 59.6 | 2.01 | 0.26 | 6.5 | 0.9 | |
II | 503 | 1100 | 730 | 27.8 | 2.61 | 0.37 | 7.4 | 1.9 | |
1 | III | 1100 | 2102 | 1509 | 8.3 | 3.27 | 0.48 | 8.1 | 2.9 |
IV | 2102 | 4179 | 2624 | 3.5 | 3.64 | 0.65 | 8.5 | 4.2 | |
V | 4179 | 9165 | 5635 | 0.7 | 4.68 | 0.98 | 9.7 | 4.8 | |
I | 108 | 503 | 272 | 58.9 | 2.05 | 0.29 | 6.5 | 0.9 | |
II | 503 | 1100 | 749 | 27.6 | 2.65 | 0.38 | 7.4 | 2.0 | |
2 | III | 1100 | 2102 | 1484 | 9.9 | 3.13 | 0.50 | 7.9 | 3.3 |
IV | 2102 | 4179 | 2752 | 2.3 | 3.76 | 0.62 | 8.6 | 4.8 | |
V | 4179 | 9165 | 5551 | 0.4 | 4.73 | 0.76 | 9.2 | 6.9 | |
I | 108 | 503 | 270 | 55.0 | 2.05 | 0.28 | 6.5 | 0.9 | |
II | 503 | 1100 | 739 | 28.0 | 2.69 | 0.39 | 7.4 | 1.9 | |
3 | III | 1100 | 2102 | 1460 | 12.4 | 3.22 | 0.47 | 8.0 | 3.1 |
IV | 2102 | 4179 | 2775 | 3.4 | 3.99 | 0.52 | 8.9 | 4.4 | |
V | 4179 | 9165 | 5632 | 0.9 | 4.87 | 0.74 | 9.5 | 7.0 | |
I | 108 | 503 | 280 | 67.1 | 2.03 | 0.27 | 6.8 | 0.9 | |
II | 503 | 1100 | 712 | 23.2 | 2.52 | 0.35 | 7.6 | 2.0 | |
4 | III | 1100 | 2102 | 1408 | 8.3 | 3.12 | 0.46 | 8.3 | 3.0 |
IV | 2102 | 4179 | 2802 | 0.9 | 4.34 | 0.60 | 9.6 | 3.3 | |
V | 4179 | 9165 | 5248 | 0.3 | 5.18 | 0.49 | 10.6 | 3.7 |
Point | Class III | Class IV | Class V | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min | max | min | max | min | max | ||
P1 | [year] | <1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 11.9 |
[%] | 76.9 | 100 | 27.8 | 76.9 | 8.4 | 27.8 | |
P2 | - | <1 | <1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 7.9 | |
- | 100 | 41.7 | 100 | 12.7 | 41.7 | ||
P3 | - | <1 | <1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 5.4 | |
- | 100 | 58.8 | 100 | 18.5 | 58.8 | ||
P4 | <1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 30.1 | |
43.5 | 100 | 12.7 | 43.5 | 3.3 | 12.7 |
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Molina, R.; Manno, G.; Lo Re, C.; Anfuso, G.; Ciraolo, G. Storm Energy Flux Characterization along the Mediterranean Coast of Andalusia (Spain). Water 2019, 11, 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030509
Molina R, Manno G, Lo Re C, Anfuso G, Ciraolo G. Storm Energy Flux Characterization along the Mediterranean Coast of Andalusia (Spain). Water. 2019; 11(3):509. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030509
Chicago/Turabian StyleMolina, Rosa, Giorgio Manno, Carlo Lo Re, Giorgio Anfuso, and Giuseppe Ciraolo. 2019. "Storm Energy Flux Characterization along the Mediterranean Coast of Andalusia (Spain)" Water 11, no. 3: 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030509