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10.3390/w11051010
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Article

Effects of Multi-Dike Protection Systems on Surface Water Quality in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

by
Huynh Vuong Thu Minh
1,2,
Masaaki Kurasaki
1,2,*,
Tran Van Ty
3,
Dat Quoc Tran
3,4,
Kieu Ngoc Le
3,4,
Ram Avtar
1,2,
Md. Mostafizur Rahman
5 and
Mitsuru Osaki
6
1
Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
2
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
3
Can Tho University, Can Tho City 900000, Vietnam
4
The University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
5
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
6
Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2019, 11(5), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051010
Submission received: 4 April 2019 / Revised: 1 May 2019 / Accepted: 8 May 2019 / Published: 14 May 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
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Abstract

The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) is one of the largest rice-growing areas in Vietnam, and exports a huge amount of rice products to destinations around the world. Multi-dike protection systems have been built to prevent flooding, and have supported agricultural intensification since the early 1990s. Semi-dike and full-dike systems have been used to grow double and triple rice, respectively. Only a small number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the water quality in the VMD. This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal variation of water quality inside the dike-protected area. Surface water samples were collected in the dry and wet seasons at 35 locations. We used multivariate statistical analyses to examine various water quality parameters. The mean concentrations of COD, NH4+, NO3−, PO43−, EC, and turbidity were significantly higher in water samples inside the full-dike system than in water samples from outside the full-dike systems and inside the semi-dike systems in both seasons. High concentrations of PO43− were detected in most of the primary canals along which residential, tourist areas and local markets were settled. However, NO3− was mainly found to be higher in secondary canals, where chemical fertilizers were used for rice intensification inside the dike system. Water control infrastructures are useful for preventing flood hazards. However, this has an adverse effect on maintaining water quality in the study area.
Keywords: multi-dike-protection systems; rice intensification; multivariate analysis; spatiotemporal variation of water quality multi-dike-protection systems; rice intensification; multivariate analysis; spatiotemporal variation of water quality

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MDPI and ACS Style

Minh, H.V.T.; Kurasaki, M.; Ty, T.V.; Tran, D.Q.; Le, K.N.; Avtar, R.; Rahman, M.M.; Osaki, M. Effects of Multi-Dike Protection Systems on Surface Water Quality in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Water 2019, 11, 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051010

AMA Style

Minh HVT, Kurasaki M, Ty TV, Tran DQ, Le KN, Avtar R, Rahman MM, Osaki M. Effects of Multi-Dike Protection Systems on Surface Water Quality in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Water. 2019; 11(5):1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051010

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minh, Huynh Vuong Thu, Masaaki Kurasaki, Tran Van Ty, Dat Quoc Tran, Kieu Ngoc Le, Ram Avtar, Md. Mostafizur Rahman, and Mitsuru Osaki. 2019. "Effects of Multi-Dike Protection Systems on Surface Water Quality in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta" Water 11, no. 5: 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051010

APA Style

Minh, H. V. T., Kurasaki, M., Ty, T. V., Tran, D. Q., Le, K. N., Avtar, R., Rahman, M. M., & Osaki, M. (2019). Effects of Multi-Dike Protection Systems on Surface Water Quality in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Water, 11(5), 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051010

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