Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Research Data
3. Methods
3.1. Input–Output Analysis
3.2. Reference Crop Evapotranspiration—Crop Coefficient Method
3.2.1. Calculation of the ET0
3.2.2. Calculation of the ETc of the Crop
3.3. Improved Water Efficiency Model
4. Results
4.1. Crop Input–Output Analysis
4.2. Characteristics of Crop Water Demand During the Growing Season
4.3. Analysis of Crop WUE
5. Conclusions and Discussion
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average minimum temperature (°C) | −19.7 | −14.6 | −4.2 | 3.7 | 10.3 | 15.2 | 17 | 15.2 | 8.4 | −0.2 | −8.8 | −14.3 |
Average maximum temperature (°C) | −3.5 | 2.7 | 11.1 | 19.6 | 25.6 | 29.4 | 29.5 | 28.9 | 24.0 | 16.9 | 5.8 | −0.8 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 57 | 39 | 37 | 30 | 33 | 44 | 58 | 53 | 49 | 45 | 59 | 68 |
Average minimum relative humidity (%) | 35 | 21 | 16 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 30 | 27 | 21 | 17 | 27 | 41 |
Average wind speed (m/s) | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 |
Sunshine hours (h) | 7.4 | 6.9 | 8.3 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 10.8 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 5.8 |
Precipitation (mm) | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 13.8 | 55.7 | 32.8 | 10.6 | 8.0 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 5.2 |
Output | Intermediate Use | Final Product | Gross Output Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Input | Dep.1 Dep.2 … Dep.n Subtotal | ||||
Material consumption | |||||
New value creation | |||||
Gross output value |
Index | Input (Yuan/ha) | Output | Income (Yuan/ha) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Seed | Mulch Film | Pesticide | Fertilizer | Mechanical | Hire | Irrigation and Others | Input | Yield (kg/ha) | Unit Price (Yuan/kg) | Output (Yuan/ha) | ||
Wheat | 1890 | 0 | 375 | 2400 | 1560 | 0 | 1050 | 7275 | 6900 | 2.2 | 15,180 | 7905 | |
Barley | 1155 | 0 | 420 | 2850 | 1050 | 0 | 1050 | 6525 | 6940 | 2.0 | 13,880 | 7355 | |
Seed corn | 960 | 720 | 825 | 4425 | 1500 | 7800 | 1050 | 17,280 | 13,500 | 2.8 | 37,800 | 20,520 | |
Field corn | 990 | 630 | 555 | 5100 | 2025 | 6450 | 1050 | 16,800 | 14,250 | 2.0 | 28,500 | 11,700 | |
Rapeseed | 1200 | 0 | 825 | 2700 | 1050 | 0 | 1050 | 6825 | 3150 | 5.4 | 17,010 | 10,185 | |
Potato | 8250 | 900 | 1080 | 4620 | 2655 | 15,210 | 1050 | 33,765 | 37,500 | 1.2 | 45,000 | 11,235 |
Month | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | Total Growth Period | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crops | ||||||||||
Wheat | 13.1 | 49.9 | 145.7 | 229.7 | 113.3 | 551.7 | ||||
Barley | 13.1 | 51.5 | 165.8 | 237.4 | 68.5 | 536.3 | ||||
Seed corn | 8.3 | 32.6 | 117.6 | 172.0 | 160.1 | 86.7 | 577.3 | |||
Field corn | 6.1 | 25.4 | 103.8 | 169.5 | 162.8 | 116.4 | 13.2 | 597.2 | ||
Rapeseed | 36.0 | 92.4 | 194.0 | 180.4 | 57.6 | 560.4 | ||||
Potato | 8.3 | 62.2 | 178.0 | 167.0 | 82.8 | 498.3 |
Crops | Index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yield (Y) (kg/ha) | Price (P) (Yuan/kg) | Input (C) (Yuan/ha) | ETc (mm) | WUE1 (Yuan/m3) | WUE2 (Yuan/m3) | |
Wheat | 6900 | 2.2 | 7275 | 551.7 | 2.75 | 1.43 |
Barley | 6940 | 2.0 | 6525 | 536.3 | 2.59 | 1.37 |
Seed corn | 14,250 | 2.0 | 16,800 | 577.3 | 4.94 | 2.03 |
Field corn | 13,500 | 2.8 | 17,280 | 597.2 | 6.33 | 3.44 |
Rapeseed | 3150 | 5.4 | 6825 | 560.4 | 3.04 | 1.82 |
Potato | 37,500 | 1.2 | 33,765 | 498.3 | 9.03 | 2.25 |
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Xiao, X.; Fan, L.; Li, X.; Tan, M.; Jiang, T.; Zheng, L.; Jiang, F. Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example. Water 2019, 11, 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081541
Xiao X, Fan L, Li X, Tan M, Jiang T, Zheng L, Jiang F. Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example. Water. 2019; 11(8):1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081541
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Xingyuan, Limeng Fan, Xiubin Li, Minghong Tan, Tao Jiang, Luqian Zheng, and Fengrui Jiang. 2019. "Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example" Water 11, no. 8: 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081541
APA StyleXiao, X., Fan, L., Li, X., Tan, M., Jiang, T., Zheng, L., & Jiang, F. (2019). Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example. Water, 11(8), 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081541