Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Research Data
3. Methods
3.1. Input–Output Analysis
3.2. Reference Crop Evapotranspiration—Crop Coefficient Method
3.2.1. Calculation of the ET0
3.2.2. Calculation of the ETc of the Crop
3.3. Improved Water Efficiency Model
4. Results
4.1. Crop Input–Output Analysis
4.2. Characteristics of Crop Water Demand During the Growing Season
4.3. Analysis of Crop WUE
5. Conclusions and Discussion
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zhang, Z.L.; Sun, H.; Su, Y.; He, Z.L. Water use efficiency and its influencing factors in arid regions of Northwest China. J. Rural. Environ. 2017, 33, 961–967. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, W.; Wang, Z.; Yang, W.T. The status quo of China’s water resources and its future development prospects. Environ. Eng. 2014, 32, 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Denicolae, E.; Aburizaizaos, O.S.; Siddique, A. Climate change and water scarcity: The case of Saudi Arabia. Ann. Glob. Health 2015, 81, 342–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Di, C.G. The Political Commitment and Action Plan of the Communist Party of China Facing the New Era—Learning Xi Jinping’s Report at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. J. Wuhan Univ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 19, 587–595. [Google Scholar]
- Lei, W.Z.; Tang, W.; Wang, X.Q.; Wang, J.H. Economic Value of Agricultural Irrigation Water and Its Influencing Factors—Based on Surplus Value Method and Survey Data of Farmers in Guanzhong Region of Shaanxi Province. J. Nat. Resour. 2019, 34, 553–562. [Google Scholar]
- Li, N.; Wang, X.; Shi, M.; Yang, H. Economic impacts of total water use control in the Heihe River Basin in North-Western China: An integrated CGE-BEM modeling approach. Sustainability 2015, 7, 3460–3478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, J.; Wu, X.J.; Li, H.X. Improved SEBS model for evaluating irrigation water use efficiency in the middle reaches of Heihe River. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2014, 45, 1387–1398. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, J.; Li, X.; Wang, G.X. Time-space variability analysis of groundwater in the middle reaches of the Heihe River and its response to land use change. J. Nat. Resour. 2009, 24, 498–506. [Google Scholar]
- Zhong, H.P.; Liu, H.; Wang, Y. Relationship between Ejina Oasis and Water Resources in the Lower Reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Adv. Water Sci. 2002, 13, 223–228. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, J.S.; Kang, E.S.; Yao, J.Z. Study on the ecological security of water resources in the Heihe River Basin. Chin. Desert 2004, 24, 47–52. [Google Scholar]
- Ning, B.Y.; He, Y.Q.; He, X.Z. Progress in water resources research in the Heihe River Basin. Chin. Desert 2008, 28, 1180–1185. [Google Scholar]
- Henrike, H.; Niels, T.; Ping, H. Water allocation and water consumption of irrigation agriculture and natural vegetation in the Heihe River watershed, NW China. Environ. Earth Sci. 2015, 73, 5269–5279. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, J.; Zhu, M.L. Research on Agricultural Water Efficiency Evaluation Index System. Water Sav. Irrig. 2013, 5, 61–63. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, H.X.; Liu, C.M. Connotation and research progress of crop water use efficiency. Adv. Water Sci. 2000, 11, 99–104. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, G.L.; Zhang, J.S.; Fan, L.J. Analysis of Factors Affecting Water Productivity of Oasis Maize in Arid Area—Taking Linze Oasis as an Example. Anhui Agric. Sci. 2012, 40, 15391–15394. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, G.L.; Zhao, W.Z.; Wu, J.X. Grey Correlation Analysis of Wheat Water Productivity and Its Influencing Factors in Oasis Irrigation District. J. Desert Res. 2010, 30, 369–375. [Google Scholar]
- Tan, M.H.; Zheng, L.Q. Different Irrigation Water Requirements of Seed Corn and Field Corn in the Heihe River Basin. Water 2017, 9, 606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.L.; Sadras, V.; Chen, X.P. Water use efficiency of dryland maize in the Loess Plateau of China in response to crop management. Field Crop. Res. 2014, 163, 55–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.Q.; Song, W.; Deng, X.Z. Spatiotemporal Patterns of Crop Irrigation Water Requirements in the Heihe River Basin, China. Water 2017, 9, 616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, J.; Li, G.Y.; Han, Z.Z. Analysis of irrigation water productivity of main crops in China and the United States. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng. 2008, 24, 46–50. [Google Scholar]
- Duan, A.W. Connotation of water use efficiency and problems needing attention in use. J. Irrig. Drain. 2005, 24, 8–11. [Google Scholar]
- Zheng, L.Q.; Tan, M.H. Comparison of crop water use efficiency and planting structure adjustment direction in the middle reaches of Heihe River. J. Earth Inf. Sci. 2016, 18, 977–986. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, L.L.; Zhang, R.Z.; Chen, W. Research on coordinated and sustainable development of agricultural water saving in Heihe River Basin. China Desert. 2014, 34, 938–942. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, G.Y.; Xu, Z.M. Analysis of input and output of national economy water in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin—Taking Zhangye City as an example. Glacier Frozen Earth 2013, 35, 770–775. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, X.Y.; Hu, M.Y.; Li, X.B.; Tan, M.H.; Zhao, X.W.; Zheng, L.Q. Analysis on Changes of Agricultural Structure and Its Driving Factors in the Middle Reaches of Heihe River at Plot Scale—A Case Study of Zhangye City. J. Nat. Resour. 2018, 33, 386–397. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, J.H. Metrology Geography; Higher Education Press: Beijing, China, 2006; p. 213. [Google Scholar]
- Heringa, P.W.; Van Der Heide, C.M.; Heijman, W.J. The economic impact of multifunctional agriculture in Dutch regions: An input-output model. NJAS-Wagening. J. Life Sci. 2013, 64–65, 59–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, K.; Lu, C.Y.; Ji, H.P. Review on the calculation of crop evaporation evapotranspiration. People’s Yellow River 2013, 35, 61–65. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, L.W.; Ji, X.B. Estimation of crop transpiration and soil evaporation based on the FAO-56 double crop coefficient method—Taking the oasis farmland in the middle reaches of the Heihe River in the arid area of Northwest China as an example. Chin. J. Agric. Sci. 2010, 43, 4016–4026. [Google Scholar]
- Asher, J.B. System management of high frequence drop irrigation and estimation of evaporation and transpireation by canopy temperature. Agric. Water Manag. 1992, 22, 379–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, R.G.; Pereira, L.S.; Raes, D. Crop Evapotranspi-Ration Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper: Rome, Italy, 1998. [Google Scholar]
Parameter | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average minimum temperature (°C) | −19.7 | −14.6 | −4.2 | 3.7 | 10.3 | 15.2 | 17 | 15.2 | 8.4 | −0.2 | −8.8 | −14.3 |
Average maximum temperature (°C) | −3.5 | 2.7 | 11.1 | 19.6 | 25.6 | 29.4 | 29.5 | 28.9 | 24.0 | 16.9 | 5.8 | −0.8 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 57 | 39 | 37 | 30 | 33 | 44 | 58 | 53 | 49 | 45 | 59 | 68 |
Average minimum relative humidity (%) | 35 | 21 | 16 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 30 | 27 | 21 | 17 | 27 | 41 |
Average wind speed (m/s) | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 |
Sunshine hours (h) | 7.4 | 6.9 | 8.3 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 10.8 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 5.8 |
Precipitation (mm) | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 13.8 | 55.7 | 32.8 | 10.6 | 8.0 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 5.2 |
Output | Intermediate Use | Final Product | Gross Output Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Input | Dep.1 Dep.2 … Dep.n Subtotal | ||||
Material consumption | |||||
New value creation | |||||
Gross output value |
Index | Input (Yuan/ha) | Output | Income (Yuan/ha) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Seed | Mulch Film | Pesticide | Fertilizer | Mechanical | Hire | Irrigation and Others | Input | Yield (kg/ha) | Unit Price (Yuan/kg) | Output (Yuan/ha) | ||
Wheat | 1890 | 0 | 375 | 2400 | 1560 | 0 | 1050 | 7275 | 6900 | 2.2 | 15,180 | 7905 | |
Barley | 1155 | 0 | 420 | 2850 | 1050 | 0 | 1050 | 6525 | 6940 | 2.0 | 13,880 | 7355 | |
Seed corn | 960 | 720 | 825 | 4425 | 1500 | 7800 | 1050 | 17,280 | 13,500 | 2.8 | 37,800 | 20,520 | |
Field corn | 990 | 630 | 555 | 5100 | 2025 | 6450 | 1050 | 16,800 | 14,250 | 2.0 | 28,500 | 11,700 | |
Rapeseed | 1200 | 0 | 825 | 2700 | 1050 | 0 | 1050 | 6825 | 3150 | 5.4 | 17,010 | 10,185 | |
Potato | 8250 | 900 | 1080 | 4620 | 2655 | 15,210 | 1050 | 33,765 | 37,500 | 1.2 | 45,000 | 11,235 |
Month | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | Total Growth Period | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crops | ||||||||||
Wheat | 13.1 | 49.9 | 145.7 | 229.7 | 113.3 | 551.7 | ||||
Barley | 13.1 | 51.5 | 165.8 | 237.4 | 68.5 | 536.3 | ||||
Seed corn | 8.3 | 32.6 | 117.6 | 172.0 | 160.1 | 86.7 | 577.3 | |||
Field corn | 6.1 | 25.4 | 103.8 | 169.5 | 162.8 | 116.4 | 13.2 | 597.2 | ||
Rapeseed | 36.0 | 92.4 | 194.0 | 180.4 | 57.6 | 560.4 | ||||
Potato | 8.3 | 62.2 | 178.0 | 167.0 | 82.8 | 498.3 |
Crops | Index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yield (Y) (kg/ha) | Price (P) (Yuan/kg) | Input (C) (Yuan/ha) | ETc (mm) | WUE1 (Yuan/m3) | WUE2 (Yuan/m3) | |
Wheat | 6900 | 2.2 | 7275 | 551.7 | 2.75 | 1.43 |
Barley | 6940 | 2.0 | 6525 | 536.3 | 2.59 | 1.37 |
Seed corn | 14,250 | 2.0 | 16,800 | 577.3 | 4.94 | 2.03 |
Field corn | 13,500 | 2.8 | 17,280 | 597.2 | 6.33 | 3.44 |
Rapeseed | 3150 | 5.4 | 6825 | 560.4 | 3.04 | 1.82 |
Potato | 37,500 | 1.2 | 33,765 | 498.3 | 9.03 | 2.25 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Xiao, X.; Fan, L.; Li, X.; Tan, M.; Jiang, T.; Zheng, L.; Jiang, F. Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example. Water 2019, 11, 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081541
Xiao X, Fan L, Li X, Tan M, Jiang T, Zheng L, Jiang F. Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example. Water. 2019; 11(8):1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081541
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Xingyuan, Limeng Fan, Xiubin Li, Minghong Tan, Tao Jiang, Luqian Zheng, and Fengrui Jiang. 2019. "Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example" Water 11, no. 8: 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081541