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Volume 11
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10.3390/w11081737
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Article

Risks of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) for Sustainable Water Recycling via Aquifers

by
Declan Page
1,*,
Joanne Vanderzalm
1,
Anupama Kumar
1,
Ka Yu Cheng
2,3,
Anna H. Kaksonen
2,4 and
Stuart Simpson
5
1
CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
2
CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
3
School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
4
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
5
Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2019, 11(8), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081737
Submission received: 3 July 2019 / Revised: 13 August 2019 / Accepted: 15 August 2019 / Published: 20 August 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Environmental Vulnerability under Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts)
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Abstract

The prediction of the fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water recycling with urban stormwater and treated wastewater is important since PFAS are widely used, persistent, and have potential impacts on human health and the environment. These alternative water sources have been utilized for water recycling via aquifers or managed aquifer recharge (MAR). However, the fate of these chemicals in MAR schemes and the potential impact in terms of regulation have not been studied. PFAS can potentially be transported long distances in the subsurface during MAR. This article reviews the potential risks to MAR systems using recycled water and urban stormwater. To date, there are insufficient data to determine if PFAS can be degraded by natural processes or retained in the aquifer and become suitable pre-treatment or post-treatment technologies that will need to be employed depending upon the end use of the recovered water. The use of engineered pre-treatment or post-treatment methods needs to be based on a ‘fit for purpose’ principle and carefully integrated with the proposed water end use to ensure that human and environmental health risks are appropriately managed.
Keywords: perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS); treatment; urban water; water recycling; managed aquifer recharge (MAR) perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS); treatment; urban water; water recycling; managed aquifer recharge (MAR)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Page, D.; Vanderzalm, J.; Kumar, A.; Cheng, K.Y.; Kaksonen, A.H.; Simpson, S. Risks of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) for Sustainable Water Recycling via Aquifers. Water 2019, 11, 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081737

AMA Style

Page D, Vanderzalm J, Kumar A, Cheng KY, Kaksonen AH, Simpson S. Risks of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) for Sustainable Water Recycling via Aquifers. Water. 2019; 11(8):1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081737

Chicago/Turabian Style

Page, Declan, Joanne Vanderzalm, Anupama Kumar, Ka Yu Cheng, Anna H. Kaksonen, and Stuart Simpson. 2019. "Risks of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) for Sustainable Water Recycling via Aquifers" Water 11, no. 8: 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081737

APA Style

Page, D., Vanderzalm, J., Kumar, A., Cheng, K. Y., Kaksonen, A. H., & Simpson, S. (2019). Risks of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) for Sustainable Water Recycling via Aquifers. Water, 11(8), 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081737

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