Activated Carbon Mixed with Marine Sediment is Suitable as Bioanode Material for Spartina anglica Sediment/Plant Microbial Fuel Cell: Plant Growth, Electricity Generation, and Spatial Microbial Community Diversity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Operations
2.3. Measurements and Analysis
2.3.1. pH, Conductivity, and Acetate Analysis
2.3.2. Plant Growth Monitoring
2.3.3. DNA Analysis
2.4. Calculations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mixture of Activated Carbon (AC) and Marine Sediment Effect on Plant Growth
3.2. Mixture of Marine Sediment and Activated Carbon Generating Electricity in Plant-MFCs
3.3. Diverse Microbial Communities
4. Conclusions and Outlook
5. Associated Content
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reactor Type/Plant Species | Anode/Current Collector | Cathode | Current Density (mA/m2 PGA) | Power Density (mW/m2 PGA) | Method | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Av. | Max | Av. | Max | |||||
Flat plate Spartina anglica | Marine sediment/small graphite rod (MS100) | Graphite felt, air cathode | 9.01 | 15.49 | 0.37 | 0.91 | A | This study |
(2 weeks) | 45 * | (2 weeks) | 8 * | |||||
- | (0.3 A/m3) * | - | (46 mW/m3) * | D | ||||
Flat plate Spartina anglica | 33% AC + 67% marine sediment/small graphite rod (AC33) | Graphite felt, air cathode | 16.01 | 22.53 | 1.04 | 1.93 | A | This study |
(2 weeks) | 819 * | (2 weeks) | 148* | |||||
- | (4.8 A/m3) * | - | (863 mW/m3) * | D | ||||
Flat plate Spartina anglica | 67% AC + 33% marine sediment/small graphite rod (AC67) | Graphite felt, air cathode | 5.46 | 8.42 | 0.12 | 0.27 | A | This study |
(2 weeks) | 12,496 * | (2 weeks) | 2249* | |||||
- | (73 A/m3) * | - | (13,150 mW/m3) * | D | ||||
Flat plate Spartina anglica | AC/small graphite rod (AC100) | Graphite felt, air cathode | 0.2 | 1.58 | 0.00 | 0.00 | A | This study |
(2 weeks) | 19,752 * | (2 weeks) | 3555 * | |||||
- | 11.5 A/m3 * | - | (20,786 mW/m3) * | D | ||||
Flat-plate Spartina anglica | Graphite felt/gold wire | Graphite felt, Ferric cyanide cathode | 74–384 (4 weeks) | 469 | 47–155 (4 weeks) | 211 | A | [21] |
Cylindrical Spartina anglica | Graphite grain/Graphite rod | Graphite felt/gold wire, Potassium ferric cyanide | - | - | 21 | - | A | [20] |
(8 weeks) | ||||||||
- | - | - | 222 | C | ||||
Flat plate with two cathode compartments Spartina anglica | Graphite felt/golden wire | Graphite felt/golden wire, oxygen reducing biocathode | - | - | - | 679 | C | [28] |
240 | ||||||||
- | - | (2 weeks) | - | B | ||||
Polyacrylic plastic cylinder Ipomoea aquatica | Granular activated carbon/stainless steel mesh | Granular activated carbon/stainless steel mesh, air cathode | - | 0.66 A/m3 | - | 274 mW/m3 | C | [83] |
Organic glass pipe Phragmites australis | Activated granular carbon/stainless steel mesh | Activated granular carbon, air cathode | - | 0.49 A/m3 | - | 4.5 (200 mW/m3) | C | [84] |
Polycarbonate plastic cylinder Ipomoea aquatica | Thick granular activated carbon/titanium wire | Stainless steel mesh, air cathode | - | - | - | 12.42 | C | [85] |
Glass cylinder Spartina anglica | Graphite granules/golden wire | Graphite felt, air cathode | - | - | - | 79 | C | [32] |
Modular Sedum species | Carbon felt | AC/graphite rood, air cathode | - | 5 | - | 114.6 (μW/m2) | C | [86] |
Perspex tubes Rice(Oryza sativa) | Graphite granule/vermiculite/carbon rod | Graphite felt interwoven carbon rod, air cathode | - | 580 | - | 72 | D | [38] |
Circular graphite felt electrode in a rice paddy field Rice (Oryza sativa) | Graphite felt connected via epoxy encapsulated wires | Graphite felt with platinum catalyst connected via epoxy encapsulated wires, air cathode | - | - | - | 140 | D | [16] |
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Sudirjo, E.; Buisman, C.J.N.; Strik, D.P.B.T.B. Activated Carbon Mixed with Marine Sediment is Suitable as Bioanode Material for Spartina anglica Sediment/Plant Microbial Fuel Cell: Plant Growth, Electricity Generation, and Spatial Microbial Community Diversity. Water 2019, 11, 1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091810
Sudirjo E, Buisman CJN, Strik DPBTB. Activated Carbon Mixed with Marine Sediment is Suitable as Bioanode Material for Spartina anglica Sediment/Plant Microbial Fuel Cell: Plant Growth, Electricity Generation, and Spatial Microbial Community Diversity. Water. 2019; 11(9):1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091810
Chicago/Turabian StyleSudirjo, Emilius, Cees J.N. Buisman, and David P.B.T.B. Strik. 2019. "Activated Carbon Mixed with Marine Sediment is Suitable as Bioanode Material for Spartina anglica Sediment/Plant Microbial Fuel Cell: Plant Growth, Electricity Generation, and Spatial Microbial Community Diversity" Water 11, no. 9: 1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091810