Identification of Potential Sites for a Multi-Purpose Dam Using a Dam Suitability Stream Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To generate suitability maps
- To propose multi-purpose dam sites
- Evaluate each proposed dam site
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Dam Suitability Stream Model
2.4. Generation of Essential Parameters
2.5. Reclassification
2.6. Rainfall and Discharge Data
2.7. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Analysis
Consistency Ratio
2.8. Overlay Analysis
2.9. Proposed Dam Sites and Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Suitability Maps and Stream Importance
3.2. Multi-Purpose Proposed Dam Sites
3.3. Evaluation of Proposed Dam Sites
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S.No | Criteria | Classes | Preference Value | Suitability |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Stream order | 1st order | O | Restricted (Least) |
2nd order | ||||
3rd order | 1 | Less | ||
4th order | 3 | Moderate | ||
5th order | 5 | High | ||
Euclidean distance or Buffered streams (m) | <500 | 5 | High | |
500–1000 | 3 | Moderate | ||
1000–1500 | 1 | Less | ||
1500–3000 | 0 | Restricted (Least) | ||
>3000 | ||||
2 | Slope (degree) | <8 | 5 | High |
8–15 | 3 | Moderate | ||
15–30 | 1 | Less | ||
30–45 | 0 | Restricted (Least) | ||
45> | ||||
3 | Digital Elevation Model (m) | 1000–2000 | 5 | High |
2000–3000 | 3 | Moderate | ||
3000–4000 | 1 | Less | ||
<1000 | 0 | Restricted (Least) | ||
4000> | ||||
4 | Land cover | Agriculture | 0 | Restricted (Least) |
Settlement | ||||
Forest | 1 | Less | ||
Waterbody | 3 | Moderate | ||
Barren land | 5 | High | ||
5 | Geology | Quaternary Alluvium | 1 | Less |
Utror Volcanics | 3 | Moderate | ||
Dir met sediments | ||||
Kashala and Marghuzar | ||||
Peshmal schist | ||||
Kohistan batholith | 5 | High | ||
Kamila amphibolite | ||||
Chilas complex | ||||
Swat and Mansehra | ||||
Shao | ||||
Indus suture melange |
Intensity of Importance/Judgments | Numeric Value |
---|---|
Equal importance | 1 |
Equal to moderate importance | 2 |
Moderate importance | 3 |
Moderate to strong importance | 4 |
Strong importance | 5 |
Strong to very strong importance | 6 |
Very strong importance | 7 |
Very strong to extremely strong importance | 8 |
Extreme importance | 9 |
Criteria | Stream Order | Slope | DEM | Land Use | Geology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stream order | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Slope | 1/3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
DEM | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Land use | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 |
Geology | 1/4 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 |
Sum of all | 2.416 | 5.033 | 5.833 | 9.5 | 15 |
Criteria | Stream Order | Slope | DEM | Land Cover | Geology | Average | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stream order | 0.413 | 0.596 | 0.342 | 0.316 | 0.267 | 0.39 | 39 |
Slope | 0.138 | 0.199 | 0.342 | 0.316 | 0.333 | 0.27 | 27 |
DEM | 0.206 | 0.099 | 0.171 | 0.210 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 18 |
Land cover | 0.138 | 0.066 | 0.086 | 0.105 | 0.133 | 0.10 | 10 |
Geology | 0.113 | 0.093 | 0.056 | 0.052 | 0.067 | 0.06 | 6 |
Number of Criteria (n) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI | 0 | 0.52 | 0.9 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.41 |
Column Wise Sum of Criteria | Criteria Average | Product of Both Columns |
---|---|---|
2.416 | 0.39 | 0.94 |
5.033 | 0.27 | 1.35 |
5.833 | 0.18 | 1.04 |
9.5 | 0.10 | 0.95 |
15 | 0.06 | 0.9 |
λmax = 5.18 |
S.No | Evaluation Parameters | Dam 1 | Dam 2 | Essential Parameters | Dam 1 | Dam 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3D Surface area (m2) | 8,186,840.85 | 12,589,480.68 | LULC in % | Barren | 23.74 | 25.90 |
2 | 2D surface area (m2) | 7,468,419.79 | 11,132,673.38 | Agriculture | 46.25 | 35.75 | |
3 | Max volume (m3) | 572,532,394.56 | 1,127,977,779.13 | Forest | 13.53 | 18.88 | |
4 | Elevation of base (m) | 1312–1428 | 1472–1570 | Settlement | 15.24 | 18.52 | |
5 | Elevation of surface (m) | 1500 | 1700 | Water | 1.24 | 0.95 | |
6 | Dam height (m) | 188 | 228 | Stream order | 5 | 4 | |
7 | Dam width (m) | 750 | 650 | Slope (degree) | <15 | <15 | |
8 | Catchment area (km) | 1742.06 | 1451.6 | Average elevation (m) | 1423 | 1598 | |
9 | Contour closeness | High | Very high | Geological stability | Between moderate and high | High |
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Shao, Z.; Jahangir, Z.; Muhammad Yasir, Q.; Atta-ur-Rahman; Mahmood, S. Identification of Potential Sites for a Multi-Purpose Dam Using a Dam Suitability Stream Model. Water 2020, 12, 3249. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113249
Shao Z, Jahangir Z, Muhammad Yasir Q, Atta-ur-Rahman, Mahmood S. Identification of Potential Sites for a Multi-Purpose Dam Using a Dam Suitability Stream Model. Water. 2020; 12(11):3249. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113249
Chicago/Turabian StyleShao, Zhenfeng, Zahid Jahangir, Qazi Muhammad Yasir, Atta-ur-Rahman, and Shakeel Mahmood. 2020. "Identification of Potential Sites for a Multi-Purpose Dam Using a Dam Suitability Stream Model" Water 12, no. 11: 3249. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113249