Potential Sources of Particulate Iron in Surface and Deep Waters of the Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Particulate Metals Analysis
2.4. Additional Parameters
2.5. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Water Masses
3.2. Particulate Trace Metals
4. Discussion
4.1. Particulate Iron in the ASSW
4.2. Particulate Iron in the Shelf Waters
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station | Sampling Date | Latitude S (°) | Longitude E (°) | Bottom Depth (m) | Sampling Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 9 January 2017 | −75.5858 | 165.4712 | 842 | 30–100–225–300 |
3 | 9 January 2017 | −75.5273 | 165.7213 | 789 | 20–100–200–350 |
6 | 12 January 2017 | −75.2055 | 163.5515 | 1108 | 20–100–240–320–440 |
7 | 12 January 2017 | −75.2982 | 164.0772 | 1201 | 20–100–442 |
8 | 12 January 2017 | −75.3495 | 164.6843 | 683 | 212–482 |
9 | 12 January 2017 | −75.3630 | 165.1157 | 653 | 10–220–513 |
10 | 12 January 2017 | −75.3947 | 165.9260 | 778 | 169–242–500 |
11 | 12 January 2017 | −75.1160 | 164.1530 | 971 | 200–240–389 |
12 | 13 January 2017 | −75.0720 | 163.7043 | 867 | 35–280–394 |
14 | 13January 2017 | −74.9277 | 163.9963 | 342 | 20–205–320 |
15 | 13 January 2017 | −74.7115 | 164.2308 | 498 | 40–200–390 |
16 | 13 January 2017 | −74.7837 | 164.7640 | 771 | 20–300–379 |
17 | 14 January 2017 | −74.9670 | 164.7920 | 919 | 20–240–300 |
19 | 14 January 2017 | −75.0050 | 165.1255 | 925 | 20–191–400 |
20 | 14 January 2017 | −74.7960 | 165.3995 | 662 | 20–288–330 |
21 | 14 January 2017 | −74.8748 | 166.5780 | 886 | 30–300 |
22 | 15 January 2017 | −75.0757 | 166.4043 | 854 | 15–300 |
23 | 15 January 2017 | −75.2368 | 166.1813 | 852 | 15–252 |
Station | Depth (m) | SPM (mg L−1) | Al (nM) | Ba (nM) | Cd (nM) | Cu (nM) | Fe (nM) | Mn (nM) | Ni (nM) | Ti (nM) | Zn (nM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 30 | 0.090 | 7.07 | 0.61 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 2.11 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 1.25 | 0.76 |
2 | 100 | 0.14 | 11.4 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 4.36 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 2.55 | 1.04 |
2 | 225 | 4.53 | 9.71 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.45 | 11.1 | 0.34 | 0.23 | 5.74 | 2.09 |
2 | 300 | 1.18 | 10.6 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 3.96 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 1.14 |
3 | 20 | 0.15 | 5.48 | 0.42 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 2.13 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.79 |
3 | 100 | 0.13 | 8.60 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 2.58 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.38 | 1.57 |
3 | 200 | 4.01 | 15.5 | 0.87 | 0.12 | 0.43 | 75.4 | 0.91 | 0.59 | 0.38 | 1.98 |
3 | 350 | 0.47 | 8.04 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 1.90 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.66 |
6 | 20 | 0.96 | 5.83 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.49 | 1.25 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.54 |
6 | 100 | 0.13 | 5.99 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.10 |
6 | 240 | 1.80 | 9.45 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 21.0 | 0.20 | 0.42 | 2.04 | 0.97 |
6 | 320 | 0.52 | 10.9 | 0.62 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 3.17 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.95 | 1.25 |
6 | 440 | 0.01 | 34.2 | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 11.9 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.28 |
7 | 20 | 1.09 | 9.38 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 2.69 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 2.11 |
7 | 100 | 0.25 | 2.87 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 2.99 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.38 |
7 | 442 | 0.05 | 8.65 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 4.35 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 3.97 | 0.39 |
8 | 212 | 0.09 | 4.39 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 1.29 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 3.38 | 0.21 |
8 | 482 | 0.04 | 6.06 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 2.62 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 2.05 | 0.10 |
9 | 10 | 1.56 | 4.47 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 2.16 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.78 | 2.45 |
9 | 220 | 1.48 | 2.34 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 1.55 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.23 |
9 | 513 | 0.09 | 16.9 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 7.71 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 1.53 | 0.22 |
10 | 169 | 0.14 | 8.51 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 4.51 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 1.07 | 0.30 |
10 | 242 | 0.12 | 7.19 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 3.75 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.84 |
10 | 500 | 0.09 | 15.8 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 6.02 | 0.65 | 0.19 | 1.64 | 0.33 |
11 | 200 | 0.56 | 8.22 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 4.51 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 1.27 | 0.28 |
11 | 240 | 0.10 | 11.4 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 5.28 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 1.15 | 0.27 |
11 | 389 | 0.14 | 20.4 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 6.09 | 0.46 | 0.13 | 9.86 | 0.38 |
12 | 35 | 0.96 | 7.34 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.35 | 2.10 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 24.6 | 1.86 |
12 | 280 | 0.29 | 4.30 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.30 | 12.0 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 1.13 |
12 | 394 | 1.79 | 14.0 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 5.88 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 6.90 | 0.57 |
14 | 20 | 1.75 | - | 4.95 | 0.02 | 0.60 | - | 7.55 | 0.57 | 66.2 | 2.19 |
14 | 205 | 0.06 | 13.7 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 6.03 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.37 | 0.10 |
14 | 320 | 1.08 | 4.32 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.51 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.37 | 0.90 |
15 | 40 | 0.71 | 7.72 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.56 |
15 | 200 | 0.29 | 178 | 0.79 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 56.2 | 0.77 | 0.07 | 8.28 | 0.65 |
15 | 390 | 0.13 | 28.1 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 10.6 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 1.52 | 0.10 |
16 | 20 | 0.92 | 9.73 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 1.40 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 1.18 |
16 | 300 | 0.18 | 88.2 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 33.3 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 3.55 | 0.22 |
16 | 379 | 0.06 | 12.4 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 5.56 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.23 |
17 | 20 | 0.99 | 7.16 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 2.32 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 1.55 |
17 | 240 | 0.10 | 57.0 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 20.1 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 1.92 | 0.10 |
17 | 300 | 0.05 | 10.5 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.10 |
19 | 20 | 1.15 | 6.16 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.32 | 2.63 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.82 | 1.36 |
19 | 191 | 0.40 | 31.6 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 10.4 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.37 | 0.45 |
19 | 400 | 0.14 | 17.3 | 0.36 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 5.28 | 0.33 | 0.11 | 2.60 | 0.28 |
20 | 20 | 1.35 | 6.30 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 1.41 | 0.28 | 0.60 | 0.38 | 1.70 |
20 | 288 | 0.42 | 14.4 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 7.42 | 1.01 | 0.28 | 0.91 | 1.08 |
20 | 330 | 0.02 | 21.3 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 6.83 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.10 |
21 | 30 | 1.11 | 15.2 | 0.69 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 8.70 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 1.08 | 3.27 |
21 | 300 | 0.09 | 33.7 | 0.57 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 11.1 | 0.65 | 0.18 | 3.05 | 0.22 |
22 | 15 | 1.32 | 11.3 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 4.46 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 1.58 |
23 | 15 | 1.97 | 4.82 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.37 | 2.32 | 3.57 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 3.35 |
23 | 252 | 0.09 | 10.2 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 3.05 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.25 |
Depth | S | T | F | δ18O | O2 | SPM | Al | Ba | Cd | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Ti | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | 0.848 | ||||||||||||||
T | −0.782 | −0.729 | |||||||||||||
F | −0.751 | −0.632 | 0.666 | ||||||||||||
δ18O | −0.658 | −0.538 | 0.704 | 0.628 | |||||||||||
O2 | −0.555 | −0.384 | 0.379 | 0.588 | 0.448 | ||||||||||
SPM | −0.517 | −0.603 | 0.468 | 0.213 | 0.286 | 0.216 | |||||||||
Al | 0.455 | 0.448 | −0.468 | −0.355 | −0.317 | −0.154 | −0.295 | ||||||||
Ba | 0.234 | 0.264 | −0.067 | −0.226 | −0.098 | −0.184 | −0.109 | 0.49 | |||||||
Cd | −0.583 | −0.59 | 0.527 | 0.447 | 0.401 | 0.443 | 0.739 | −0.335 | −0.194 | ||||||
Cu | −0.530 | −0.543 | 0.572 | 0.360 | 0.466 | 0.147 | 0.572 | −0.333 | 0.014 | 0.648 | |||||
Fe | 0.398 | 0.36 | −0.506 | −0.439 | −0.326 | −0.336 | −0.099 | 0.742 | 0.409 | −0.156 | −0.07 | ||||
Mn | 0.149 | 0.124 | −0.144 | −0.177 | −0.074 | −0.176 | 0.159 | 0.468 | 0.315 | 0.064 | 0.29 | 0.652 | |||
Ni | −0.464 | −0.502 | 0.533 | 0.337 | 0.373 | 0.312 | 0.579 | −0.182 | −0.085 | 0.727 | 0.641 | −0.012 | 0.258 | ||
Ti | 0.288 | 0.245 | −0.161 | −0.249 | −0.284 | −0.271 | −0.002 | 0.277 | 0.317 | −0.004 | 0.158 | 0.384 | 0.447 | −0.067 | |
Zn | −0.565 | −0.602 | 0.644 | 0.385 | 0.443 | 0.268 | 0.748 | −0.283 | 0.132 | 0.760 | 0.739 | −0.120 | 0.158 | 0.762 | −0.023 |
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Rivaro, P.; Ardini, F.; Vivado, D.; Cabella, R.; Castagno, P.; Mangoni, O.; Falco, P. Potential Sources of Particulate Iron in Surface and Deep Waters of the Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Water 2020, 12, 3517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123517
Rivaro P, Ardini F, Vivado D, Cabella R, Castagno P, Mangoni O, Falco P. Potential Sources of Particulate Iron in Surface and Deep Waters of the Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Water. 2020; 12(12):3517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123517
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivaro, Paola, Francisco Ardini, Davide Vivado, Roberto Cabella, Pasquale Castagno, Olga Mangoni, and Pierpaolo Falco. 2020. "Potential Sources of Particulate Iron in Surface and Deep Waters of the Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica)" Water 12, no. 12: 3517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123517