Detailed Quantification of the Reduction Effect of Roof Runoff by Low Impact Development Practices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. SWMM Description
2.3. Source of Data and Model Setup
2.4. Scenario Setting
2.5. Assessment and Optimization Methods
2.5.1. Effect Indicators
2.5.2. Design Storm of Different Return Periods
2.5.3. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
2.5.4. Optimization Algorithm
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results of Model Performance
3.2. Reduction Effect of Individual and Combined LID Practices for Typical Rainfall Events in 2014
3.3. Reduction Effect of Individual and Combined Lid Practices for Precipitation of Different Return Periods
3.4. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Annual Continuous Simulation
3.5. Reduction Effect at Campus Scale
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date (mm-dd-y) | Rainfall Depth (mm) | Rainfall Duration (min) | Average Intensity (mm/h) | Peak Intensity (mm/h) | Antecedent Dry Days (d) | Rainfall Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
07-29-2014 | 35.7 | 400 | 5.36 | 43.28 | 5.6 | Large |
08-04-2014 | 5.9 | 260 | 1.36 | 9.45 | 4.9 | Light |
08-09-2014 | 7.2 | 120 | 3.60 | 24.08 | 2.3 | Light |
08-23-2014 | 10.4 | 45 | 13.87 | 38.4 | 2.8 | Medium |
08-30-2014 | 29 | 105 | 16.57 | 69.6 | 6.9 | Large |
08-31-2014 | 70.76 | 165 | 25.73 | 86.2 | 0.7 | Storm |
09-02-2014 | 33.6 | 1880 | 1.07 | 72 | 0.6 | Large |
09-26-2014 | 7.8 | 20 | 23.40 | 50.4 | 2.62 | Medium |
LID | Berm Height (mm) | Soil Thickness (mm) | Porosity | Field Capacity | Wilting Point | Conductivity (mm/h) | Conductivity Slope | Suction Head (mm) | Initially, Saturated (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green roof | 20 | 100 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.078 | 90 | 50 | 88.9 | 20 |
Green belt | 10 | 1000 | 0.453 | 0.19 | 0.085 | 20 | 40 | 90 | 23.2 |
Scale | Type | Scenarios | Combination of LID and Areas (m2) | Total Area (m2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GR | GB | RB | LG | ||||
Building | Base | NR | |||||
Individual | GR | 520 | 520 | ||||
GB | 520 | 520 | |||||
RB-4 | 12 | 12 | |||||
RB-8 | 24 | 24 | |||||
25%LG | 130 | 130 | |||||
50%LG | 260 | 260 | |||||
100%LG | 520 | 520 | |||||
Combined | GR&RB | 260 | 6 | 266 | |||
GR&LG | 260 | 130 | 390 | ||||
RB&LG | 6 | 130 | 136 | ||||
GR&RB&LG | 260 | 6 | 130 | 396 | |||
GR100%&RB&LG100% | 520 | 24 | 520 | 1064 | |||
Campus | Base | NR | |||||
Individual | GR | 105,983 | 105,983 | ||||
GB | 147,043 | 147,043 | |||||
RB-4 | 2220 | 2220 | |||||
RB-8 | 4440 | 4440 | |||||
LG | 147,043 | 147,043 | |||||
Combined | GR&RB&GB | 105,983 | 147,043 | 2220 | 255,246 | ||
GR&RB&LG | 105,983 | 2220 | 147,043 | 255,246 |
Process | Rainfall Events | Rain Type | Total Outflow (m3) | Peak Flow Rate (m3/s) | NSE | PBIAS (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calibration | 07-29-2014 | Large | 4740 | 0.54 | 0.842 | −0.65 |
08-04-2014 | Little | 490.9 | 0.07 | 0.861 | 2.26 | |
08-09-2014 | Little | 499.9 | 0.14 | 0.905 | −9.75 | |
08-23-2014 | Medium | 989.4 | 0.50 | 0.899 | −15.96 | |
Validation | 08-30-2014 | Large | 3159 | 1.02 | 0.907 | −17.97 |
08-31-2014 | Storm | 7205 | 0.97 | 0.793 | −9.64 | |
09-02-2014 | Large | 4098 | 0.70 | 0.888 | −1.95 | |
09-26-2014 | Medium | 783 | 0.40 | 0.840 | −9.4 |
Rainfall Events | Scenarios | Volume Reduction Amount (m3) | Volume Reduction Rate (%) | Peak Reduction Rate (%) | Delayed Peak Time (H:M) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
07-29-2014 | GR | 15.19 | 88.94 | 98.03 | 10:42 |
08-30-2014 | GR | 14.06 | 97.35 | 99.85 | 1:52 |
08-30-2014 | GB | 13.43 | 93.03 | 87.93 | 0:17 |
09-02-2014 | GR | 1.01 | 7.12 | 59.00 | 0:03 |
09-02-2014 | GB | 13.60 | 96.04 | 93.91 | 0:07 |
08-31-2014 | GR | 4.05 | 11.20 | 29.48 | 0:57 |
08-31-2014 | GB | 2.80 | 7.74 | 20.51 | 0:57 |
08-31-2014 | RB-4 | 23.15 | 64.02 | 26.16 | 0:55 |
08-31-2014 | LG-50% | 32.38 | 89.56 | 82.13 | 1:06 |
Rainfall Events | Scenarios | Volume Reduction Amount (m3) | Volume Reduction Rate (%) | Peak Reduction Rate (%) | Delayed Peak Time(H:M) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
09-02-2014 | GR&RB | 12.25 | 86.32 | 97.45 | 2:56 |
08-31-2014 | GR&RB | 13.59 | 37.58 | 29.75 | 0:56 |
08-31-2014 | GR&LG | 20.43 | 56.50 | 35.09 | 0:57 |
08-31-2014 | RB&LG | 26.93 | 74.48 | 47.38 | 0:59 |
08-31-2014 | GR&RB&LG | 29.18 | 80.70 | 73.37 | 1:06 |
Return Period | Scenarios | Volume Reduction Amount (m3) | Volume Reduction Rate (%) | Peak Reduction Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | GR | 12.92 | 74.39 | 93.79 |
GB | 15.38 | 88.56 | 89.13 | |
1 | GR | 12.95 | 55.82 | 84.32 |
GB | 14.85 | 64.01 | 72.89 | |
5 | GR | 13.06 | 47.87 | 73.74 |
GB | 12.12 | 44.43 | 61.02 | |
RB-4 | 23.36 | 85.62 | 89.84 | |
10 | GR | 13.44 | 42.48 | 58.96 |
GB | 9.77 | 30.88 | 51.88 | |
RB-4 | 23.26 | 73.52 | 80.56 | |
50 | GR | 12.87 | 20.39 | 66.09 |
GB | −11.34 | −17.97 | 4.42 | |
RB-4 | 22.54 | 35.71 | −2.26 | |
RB-8 | 45.07 | 71.40 | 73.74 | |
LG-50% | 26.27 | 41.62 | 50.27 | |
LG-100% | 50.90 | 80.64 | 88.93 |
Return Period | Scenarios | Volume Reduction Amount (m3) | Volume Reduction Rate (%) | Peak Reduction Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | GR&RB | 18.46 | 79.58% | 88.01% |
5 | GR&RB | 18.46 | 67.68% | 80.13% |
10 | GR&RB | 18.23 | 57.62% | 65.18% |
GR&LG | 27.21 | 85.99% | 91.57% | |
RB&LG | 29.70 | 93.86% | 96.21% | |
50 | GR&RB | 17.35 | 27.49% | 31.95% |
GR&LG | 20.34 | 32.22% | 42.13% | |
RB&LG | 23.56 | 37.33% | 14.47% | |
GR&RB&LG | 30.67 | 48.59% | 67.29% |
Scenarios | Unit Life Cycle Cost ($) | UAAC ($) | AC ($) | Annual Reduced Volume (m3) | Cost- Efficiency (m3/$) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GR | 317.1 | 15.86 | 8247.20 | 144.94 | 0.02 |
GB | 31.72 | 1.59 | 826.80 | 207.63 | 0.25 |
RB-4 | 350.62 | 17.53 | 210.36 | 191.56 | 0.91 |
RB-8 | 350.62 | 17.53 | 420.72 | 217.20 | 0.52 |
LG-25% | 31.72 | 1.59 | 206.70 | 214.38 | 1.04 |
LG-50% | 31.72 | 1.59 | 413.40 | 217.20 | 0.53 |
GR&RB | - | - | 4228.78 | 180.60 | 0.04 |
GR&LG | - | - | 4330.30 | 216.33 | 0.05 |
RB&LG | - | - | 311.88 | 214.34 | 0.69 |
GR&RB&LG | - | - | 4435.48 | 217.20 | 0.05 |
Scenarios | Volume Reduction Amount (m3) | Volume Reduction Rate (%) | Volume Capture Ratio of Rainfall (%) | Overflow Volume Reduction Rate (%) | Overflow Time Reduction Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NR | 0 | 0 | 55.99 | 0 | 0 |
GR | 24345 | 20.50 | 65.01 | 43.67 | 57.29 |
GB | 30908 | 26.02 | 67.44 | 46.22 | 67.35 |
LG | 36430 | 30.67 | 69.49 | 89.91 | 85.40 |
RB-4 | 3238 | 2.73 | 57.19 | 42.87 | 36.57 |
RB-8 | 5276 | 4.44 | 57.95 | 43.91 | 36.44 |
GR&RB&GB | 44504 | 37.47 | 72.48 | 77.28 | 79.38 |
GR&RB&LG | 48887 | 41.16 | 74.11 | 98.89 | 94.10 |
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Zhang, P.; Chen, L.; Hou, X.; Wei, G.; Zhang, X.; Shen, Z. Detailed Quantification of the Reduction Effect of Roof Runoff by Low Impact Development Practices. Water 2020, 12, 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030795
Zhang P, Chen L, Hou X, Wei G, Zhang X, Shen Z. Detailed Quantification of the Reduction Effect of Roof Runoff by Low Impact Development Practices. Water. 2020; 12(3):795. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030795
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Pu, Lei Chen, Xiaoshu Hou, Guoyuan Wei, Xiaoyue Zhang, and Zhenyao Shen. 2020. "Detailed Quantification of the Reduction Effect of Roof Runoff by Low Impact Development Practices" Water 12, no. 3: 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030795