Comparative Assessment of Fluvial Suspended Sediment Concentration Analysis Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. General Overview of Indirect Methods
1.2.1. Optical Devices
1.2.2. Acoustic Devices
1.2.3. Consideration of Indirect Methods for the Comparative Assessment
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Field Data Collection
2.3. Indirect Methods
2.3.1. Optical Devices
2.3.2. Acoustic Devices
2.4. Filtration Method
2.5. Quantitative Analysis of Uncertainties
2.6. Comparative Analysis of Indirect Methods
3. Results
3.1. Individual Analysis of Methods
3.2. Comparative Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of Indirect Methods
4.2. Optimisation of Fluvial Suspended Sediment Monitoring
4.3. Further Tasks
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Statistical Measure | Interpretation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Very Good | Good | Satisfactory | Not Satisfactory | |
R2 | 0.80< | 0.65–0.80 | 0.40–0.65 | <0.40 |
MAPE | <10 | 10–20 | 20–50 | 50< |
%RMSE | <10 | 10–20 | 20–50 | 50< |
PBIAS | <1 | 1–10 | 10–20 | 20< |
MAE | Lower the better; optimally 0 | |||
RMSE | Lower the better; optimally 0 |
Statistic | ADCP | LISST-ABS | LISST-P | VELP TB1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nr. of meas. | 750 | 621 | 604 | 771 |
R2 (-) | 0.36 | 0.69 | 0.85 | 0.80 |
MAE (mg/L) | 19.57 | 10.89 | 9.48 | 9.29 |
MAPE (%) | 57.86 | 40.88 | 28.23 | 29.11 |
RMSE (mg/L) | 30.24 | 15.79 | 13.65 | 15.40 |
%RMSE (%) | 76.46 | 45.84 | 31.73 | 40.12 |
PBIAS (%) | 19.55 | 0.00055 | 0.00323 | 0.00001 |
Attribute | Acoustic | Optical | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ADCP RB | LISST-ABS | LISST-P | VELP TB1 | |
Time needed | Approx. 30 min 1 | Real-time | 3–5 min | 1 min |
Field application (Y/N) | Yes (in situ) | Yes (in situ) | Limited (sensitive to the cold temperature) | Yes (off-site) |
Measurement location | Continuous (suitable for vertical, horizontal and cross-sectional profiling) | Discrete (but suitable also for continuous vertical and horizontal profiling) | Point (discrete) | Point (discrete) |
Automated measurement (Y/N) | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Probability of errors | Low | Low | Medium | Medium |
Source of errors | Manual calibration (e.g., extracting echo intensity profiles, determining calibration dataset) | No differentiation between fine and coarse particles | Setting of the optical method and the material of SS; bubbles | Limited volume; settling velocity of coarser particles |
Sensitivity | Calibration | Particle size | Temperature, high SSC | Sample colour, dirty vial |
Accuracy | ± 1.5 dB (relative measure) [58] | ± 30% (for particles 30 to 400 µm) [47] | ± 20% [41] | ± 2% (0–500 NTU) and ±3% (501–1000 NTU) [46] |
Range | 80 dB (dynamic range) [58] | 1–30,000 mg/L (depending on particle size) [47] | 10–1900 mg/L (depending on particle size) [41] | 0–1000 NTU [46] |
Calibration (Y/N) | Yes; complex | Yes; easy with linear regression | Yes; easy with linear regression | Yes; easy with linear regression |
Unit of measurement | Echo intensity | Uncalibrated SSC | Mass concentration (mg/L) | Turbidity (NTU) |
Handling | Easy | Easy | Easy, but a bit of practice needed | Easy |
Postprocessing needs | High | Low | Low (only when PSD in m/m% is needed) | No |
Bonus strengths | Always used | Can be easily used for cross-sectional and vertical profiling as well | Provides information about PSD | Compact, small sample volume is needed |
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Pomázi, F.; Baranya, S. Comparative Assessment of Fluvial Suspended Sediment Concentration Analysis Methods. Water 2020, 12, 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030873
Pomázi F, Baranya S. Comparative Assessment of Fluvial Suspended Sediment Concentration Analysis Methods. Water. 2020; 12(3):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030873
Chicago/Turabian StylePomázi, Flóra, and Sándor Baranya. 2020. "Comparative Assessment of Fluvial Suspended Sediment Concentration Analysis Methods" Water 12, no. 3: 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030873