Factors Controlling Hypoxia Occurrence in Estuaries, Chester River, Chesapeake Bay
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Water Quality Model
2.2. Forcing Data
2.3. Observation Data and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison between Simulation and Observation
3.2. Seasonality and Interannual Variations in Hypoxia Volume
3.3. GAM Decomposition of Time-Series Hypoxia Volume and PCA Causality Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Time-Series Pattern
4.2. Major Drivers of Hypoxia Occurrence
4.3. Spatial Distribution of Hypoxic Water
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symbol | Definition | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
B | Phytoplankton biomass | variable | g C m−3 |
VW | Wind speed | variable | m s−1 |
aDOC | DOC fraction from metabolism and grazing | 0.2 | dimensionless |
aNC | Fraction of metabolism leading to NH4 | 0.5 | dimensionless |
aOC | O:C ratio in metabolism and remineralization | 2.67 | g O2 g−1 C |
aON | O:N ratio in nitrification | 4.33 | g O2 g−1 N |
αair | Reaeration rate | ∝VW | s−1 |
αCOD | COD oxidation rate | 5 | day−1 |
αDOC | DOC remineralization rate | 0.1 | day−1 |
αDON | DON remineralization rate | 0.15 | day−1 |
αLPOC | Dissolution coefficient for labile POC | 0.15 | day−1 |
αNT | Maximum nitrification rate of NH4 | 0.4 | day−1 |
αRPOC | Dissolution coefficient for refractory POC | 0.005 | day−1 |
αm | Metabolism coefficient | 0.02 | day−1 |
αp | Grazing coefficient | 0.06 | day−1 |
αDOC | Denitrification rate | 0.05 | day−1 |
KCOD | Half-saturation constant for COD oxidation | 0.1 | g O m−3 |
KDN | Half-saturation constant of NO3 for denitrification | 0.1 | g N m−3 |
KI | Light constant for phytoplankton growth | 50 | Watt |
KN | Half-saturation constant for nitrogen uptake | 0.5 | g N m−3 |
KNNT | Half-saturation constant of NH4 for nitrification | 0.5 | g N m−3 |
KOC | Half-saturation constant of DO for DOC remineralization | 0.5 | g DO m−3 |
KONT | Half-saturation constant of DO for nitrification | 1.0 | g DO m−3 |
KP | Half-saturation constant for phosphorus uptake | 0.0025 | g P m−3 |
KT | Temperature coefficient for phytoplankton growth | 0.02 | °C −1 |
To | Optimal reference temperature for phytoplankton growth | 22,8,15 | °C |
μmax | Phytoplankton maximum growth rate | 200,300,300 | g C g−1 Chl day−1 |
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Tian, R. Factors Controlling Hypoxia Occurrence in Estuaries, Chester River, Chesapeake Bay. Water 2020, 12, 1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071961
Tian R. Factors Controlling Hypoxia Occurrence in Estuaries, Chester River, Chesapeake Bay. Water. 2020; 12(7):1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071961
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Richard. 2020. "Factors Controlling Hypoxia Occurrence in Estuaries, Chester River, Chesapeake Bay" Water 12, no. 7: 1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071961