Hydrochemical and Isotopic Assessment of Groundwater in the Goda Mountains Range System. Republic of Djibouti (Horn of Africa)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological, Geomorphological, and Hydrogeological Setting
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Statistical Analysis
4.1.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.1.2. Correlation Matrix
4.1.3. Principal Components Analysis
4.2. Water Types Classification and Hydrogeochemical Processes
4.2.1. Piper Diagram
4.2.2. Hydrogeochemical Processes
4.3. Isotope Investigations
4.3.1. Stable Isotopes
4.3.2. Radioactive Isotopes 3H and 14C
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Point | ID | Type | Rock Type | X (m) | Y (m) | Z (m) | Depth (m) | P.L. (m) | T °C | EC µS/cm | pH | Ca2+ mg/L | Mg2+ mg/L | Na+ mg/L | K+ mg/L | HCO3−mg/L | Cl− mg/L | SO42− mg/L | NO3− mg/L | Br− mg/L | SiO2 mg/L | TDS mg/L | CA1 | CA2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randa_S | 1 | S | Bas | 244,393 | 1,311,069 | 971 | - | - | 19 | 720 | 7.2 | 79.2 | 21 | 58.4 | 1.1 | 211.2 | 102.1 | 31.5 | 45.6 | 0.49 | 40.7 | 551 | 0.42 | 0.18 |
Bolli | 2 | B | Bas | 240,731 | 1,316,866 | 950 | 151 | 820 | 26.7 | 2397 | 7.48 | 139.9 | 88.4 | 200.7 | 5.3 | 338.9 | 408.6 | 123.3 | 167.3 | 2.33 | 79.5 | 1477 | 0.5 | 0.44 |
Magaleh | 3 | W | Bas | 245,340 | 1,315,551 | 960 | 11 | - | 23 | 1518 | 7.4 | 110.7 | 53.8 | 277.9 | 4 | 366.4 | 356.6 | 186.2 | 83.6 | 1.59 | 84.5 | 1443 | 0.21 | 0.14 |
Essalou | 4 | B | Bas | 243,960 | 1,322,771 | 980 | 150 | - | 25 | 1762 | 7.23 | 158.5 | 60.5 | 95 | 1.6 | 405.8 | 238.9 | 90.6 | 151.8 | 1.65 | 63.6 | 1212 | 0.6 | 0.29 |
Adaylou_P | 5 | W | Bas | 254,333 | 1,322,962 | 1030 | 14 | - | 25.1 | 1708 | 7.46 | 100.5 | 49.9 | 175.1 | 3.1 | 319 | 259.2 | 96.2 | 67.2 | 1.25 | 60.8 | 1075 | 0.31 | 0.2 |
Adaylou_F | 6 | B | Bas | 254,277 | 1,323,430 | 1027 | 102 | 971 | 27 | 1857 | 7.86 | 112.9 | 16.2 | 236.1 | 6.9 | 132.8 | 377.8 | 119.8 | 60 | 1.66 | 37.4 | 1068 | 0.36 | 0.53 |
Randa_F | 7 | B | Bas | 244,454 | 1,311,124 | 910 | 111 | 871 | 25.5 | 1029 | 7.6 | 66 | 27.6 | 99.9 | 4.1 | 238.1 | 129.4 | 44.5 | 67.5 | 0.69 | 62.2 | 681 | 0.2 | 0.09 |
Marra | 8 | W | Bas | 237,136 | 1,294,913 | 866 | - | - | 31.2 | 1102 | 7.84 | 59 | 23 | 125 | 2.9 | 161.2 | 161 | 78.4 | 88.6 | 0.81 | 53.7 | 756 | 0.21 | 0.14 |
Towele_F | 9 | B | Bas | 238,666 | 1,294,400 | 885 | 60 | 859 | 35 | 2313 | 7.61 | 134.5 | 39.9 | 376.1 | 10.3 | 163.4 | 429.8 | 401.8 | 48.2 | 1.39 | 39.5 | 1607 | 0.1 | 0.08 |
Raïssa_P | 10 | W | Bas | 235,200 | 1,287,079 | 380 | 5 | 377 | 32 | 1476 | 7.67 | 99.5 | 33.9 | 159 | 5.7 | 214.9 | 243 | 105.3 | 57.3 | 1.08 | 48.5 | 926 | 0.32 | 0.24 |
Sagallou_F | 11 | B | Bas | 251,301 | 1,292,382 | 70 | 120 | - | 36.8 | 1625 | 8.06 | 63.1 | 27.2 | 229.1 | 3 | 215.5 | 286.3 | 95.3 | 53.7 | 1.09 | 77.1 | 1006 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
Gerenle2 | 12 | W | Bas | 238,693 | 1,296,061 | 1080 | 10 | 1070 | 28 | 1232 | 7.56 | 30.8 | 23.5 | 165.2 | 2.8 | 250 | 161.6 | 67.4 | 53.4 | 0.82 | 11.1 | 759 | −0.04 | −0.02 |
Nghoubet | 13 | B | Bas | 246,547 | 1,287,646 | 123 | 183 | - | 47.1 | 1219 | 7.7 | 36.2 | 14.3 | 185.6 | 6.5 | 150.4 | 239.7 | 99 | 43.4 | 0.75 | 42 | 777 | 0.2 | 0.19 |
Gerenlé_S | 14 | S | Bas | 238,800 | 1,296,117 | 1080 | - | - | 26 | 1015 | 7.69 | 40.8 | 16.6 | 132.4 | 2.3 | 162.8 | 128.8 | 52.2 | 54.7 | 0.71 | 21.2 | 592 | −0.05 | −0.03 |
Wagile | 15 | W | Bas | 243,709 | 1,299,487 | 1275 | 3 | - | 22 | 582 | 7.4 | 71.3 | 32.1 | 35.9 | 1.4 | 254.7 | 74.6 | 22.6 | 40.1 | 0.48 | 32.7 | 534 | 0.5 | 0.13 |
Hankata | 16 | W | Bas | 250,710 | 1,296,349 | 278 | 6 | 276 | 26.5 | 1100 | 7.37 | 90.5 | 49 | 23.2 | 2.3 | 400.9 | 45.5 | 26.5 | 18.6 | 0.19 | 97.6 | 657 | 0.44 | 0.05 |
Gade | 17 | W | Bas | 250,214 | 1,295,180 | 270 | - | - | 25.4 | 785 | 7.5 | 67.8 | 29.3 | 50.2 | 1.7 | 325.2 | 52.4 | 23.9 | 30.7 | 0.20 | 56.5 | 584 | 0.01 | 0 |
Masolay | 18 | S | Bas | 248,572 | 1,297,829 | 550 | - | - | 22.2 | 942 | 7.51 | 95.8 | 33.6 | 52.1 | 1.4 | 378.6 | 83 | 55.9 | 32.3 | 0.31 | 45.1 | 734 | 0.36 | 0.07 |
Wea | 19 | W | Bas | 247,740 | 1,293,484 | 372 | - | - | 24.9 | 867 | 7.5 | 43.8 | 30.4 | 73.9 | 2.6 | 262.9 | 97.1 | 25.8 | 60 | 0.39 | 118.9 | 598 | 0.21 | 0.07 |
Itki | 20 | B | Bas | 238,927 | 1,300,357 | 1459 | 252 | 1331 | 33 | 1077 | 7.8 | 69.6 | 29.3 | 105.4 | 3.8 | 131.1 | 96.9 | 101 | 184.1 | 0.83 | 44.7 | 723 | −0.13 | −0.05 |
Illalou | 21 | S | Bas | 242,628 | 1,295,841 | 887 | - | - | 24.2 | 1251 | 7.7 | 83.6 | 49.4 | 127.9 | 5.3 | 400.2 | 151.3 | 56.2 | 60 | 0.69 | 64.2 | 937 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
Amiso af | 22 | W | Rhy | 249,843 | 1,309,524 | 590 | 11 | 588 | 26 | 975 | 7.7 | 64.4 | 28.4 | 83.7 | 2.1 | 283.3 | 91.2 | 65.4 | 73.7 | 0.49 | 68.2 | 694 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
Bobo af | 23 | B | Rhy | 251,972 | 1,309,060 | 610 | 60 | - | 26.7 | 928.8 | 8.206 | 61.9 | 27.1 | 78.1 | 3.8 | 287.5 | 82 | 69.7 | 73.3 | 1.29 | 59.6 | 687 | 0 | 0 |
Akaabar | 24 | W | Rhy | 252,980 | 1,309,122 | 480 | 3 | - | 25.4 | 1202 | 7.69 | 78.1 | 27.6 | 102.3 | 7.9 | 258.6 | 190.2 | 46.1 | 5.9 | 0.76 | 63.7 | 719 | 0.42 | 0.26 |
Affaloyna | 25 | W | Rhy | 254,607 | 1,309,449 | 460 | 7 | 458 | 25.9 | 916.7 | 7.73 | 65.7 | 23.1 | 72.4 | 4.5 | 317.5 | 99 | 23.2 | 19.3 | 0.35 | 59 | 626 | 0.22 | 0.06 |
Daimoli_S | 26 | S | Rhy | 270,952 | 1,312,924 | 376 | - | - | 24.8 | 2041 | 7.83 | 67.1 | 45.5 | 217.1 | 11.3 | 266.5 | 373 | 112.2 | 42.4 | 1.61 | 80.3 | 1140 | 0.39 | 0.38 |
Ayri | 27 | W | Rhy | 264,676 | 1,326,902 | 855 | 8 | 853 | 24 | 2246 | 7.796 | 68.9 | 51.2 | 272.8 | 3.6 | 417.1 | 312 | 281.5 | 9.8 | 2.92 | 87.2 | 1422 | 0.11 | 0.05 |
Garassou_P | 28 | W | Rhy | 251,879 | 1,312,230 | 702 | 9 | 695 | 22.6 | 1000 | 7.39 | 104.1 | 35.2 | 53.9 | 0.9 | 384.7 | 71 | 30.1 | 64.7 | 0.26 | 77.6 | 746 | 0.23 | 0.04 |
Biladita | 29 | W | Rhy | 247,909 | 1,308,228 | 623 | 3 | 622 | 24.3 | 1036 | 7.71 | 85 | 28 | 93.6 | 6.1 | 326.7 | 171.2 | 39.1 | 35.6 | 0.57 | 106.1 | 787 | 0.42 | 0.2 |
Ounda ela | 30 | W | Rhy | 247,462 | 1,307,852 | 636 | 5 | 632 | 24.6 | 877 | 7.36 | 96.5 | 23.2 | 56.8 | 3.2 | 315.1 | 82.9 | 22.9 | 21.9 | 0.31 | 50 | 623 | 0.28 | 0.07 |
Bankoualéh | 31 | S | Rhy | 246,030 | 1,307,794 | 722 | - | - | 22 | 840.5 | 7.69 | 72.8 | 26 | 65.9 | 7.2 | 376.2 | 35.4 | 22.6 | 32.5 | 0.64 | 64.7 | 642 | −1.06 | −0.09 |
Dugum | 32 | W | Rhy | 254,044 | 1,304,711 | 331 | 8 | 325 | 27 | 1214 | 7.8 | 120 | 33 | 95.3 | 3 | 357.2 | 209 | 71.3 | 41.6 | 0.76 | 72.5 | 932 | 0.53 | 0.26 |
Weer | 33 | S | Rhy | 249,148 | 1,304,548 | 611 | - | - | 21 | 609.5 | 7.24 | 55.1 | 11.8 | 42.7 | 5.7 | 128.2 | 93.4 | 24.8 | 7.4 | 0.32 | 77.5 | 370 | 0.48 | 0.29 |
Tooha | 34 | S | Rhy | 249,246 | 1,302,815 | 609 | - | - | 19.5 | 719 | 7.85 | 70.7 | 18.5 | 41.7 | 3.4 | 307.8 | 60.8 | 18.9 | 24 | 0.28 | 46.7 | 547 | 0.26 | 0.05 |
Nouro ela | 35 | W | Sed | 252,847 | 1,291,488 | 18 | 12 | 8 | 29.8 | 1223 | 7.31 | 74.2 | 46.3 | 91 | 3 | 270.2 | 198.7 | 39.5 | 53.2 | 0.70 | 114.1 | 778 | 0.53 | 0.34 |
Andali | 36 | W | Sed | 258,716 | 1,300,405 | 10 | 9 | 1 | 30.5 | 1905 | 7.53 | 70.4 | 40.9 | 230.8 | 3.3 | 293.1 | 318.6 | 142.4 | 24.8 | 1.06 | 82.6 | 1128 | 0.27 | 0.19 |
PK-9 | 37 | B | Sed | 261,069 | 1,303,387 | 115 | 135 | 5 | 29 | 746 | 7.81 | 45.8 | 12.3 | 63.1 | 2.6 | 164.9 | 70.2 | 44.6 | 18.6 | 0.01 | 50 | 423 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
PK6-7 | 38 | B | Sed | 266,261 | 1,305,337 | 85 | 132 | 8 | 28.1 | 1435 | 7.54 | 61 | 36.5 | 176.1 | 7 | 268.7 | 201.7 | 105.4 | 73.6 | 0.81 | 75.6 | 933 | 0.09 | 0.05 |
PK6-6 | 39 | B | Sed | 266,264 | 1,305,078 | 82 | 101 | 5 | 27.7 | 1447 | 7.67 | 62.4 | 38 | 149.8 | 4.8 | 180.7 | 198.7 | 104.2 | 79.8 | 0.77 | 60.4 | 821 | 0.22 | 0.15 |
Ambabo_F | 40 | B | Sed | 262,279 | 1,301,844 | 30 | 60 | - | 29.2 | 1423 | 7.51 | 31.7 | 16.6 | 253.7 | 2.6 | 306.8 | 218.3 | 67.7 | 16.7 | 0.70 | 41.2 | 916 | −0.17 | −0.1 |
Kalaf | 41 | W | Sed | 259,598 | 1,300,919 | 11 | 11 | 1 | 26 | 1496 | 7.9 | 41 | 15.7 | 229.4 | 3.1 | 340.2 | 220.2 | 82.2 | 25.8 | 0.66 | 75.8 | 959 | −0.06 | −0.03 |
Chehem ela | 42 | W | Sed | 253,150 | 1,291,638 | 20 | 12 | 8 | 27.1 | 837.2 | 7.59 | 62 | 35 | 61.9 | 1.8 | 219.8 | 126.3 | 43.5 | 95.9 | 0.63 | 72.5 | 650 | 0.5 | 0.24 |
Ideyta | 43 | W | Sed | 237,601 | 1,292,797 | 681 | 9 | 681 | 30.7 | 2470 | 7.1 | 99 | 94.3 | 351.3 | 5.7 | 263.8 | 545.3 | 290.9 | 75 | 2.96 | 44.8 | 1730 | 0.35 | 0.34 |
Sample | ID | Water Point | Rock Type | δ18O V-SMOW | δ2H V-SMOW | 3H (TU) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nghoubet | 13 | Borehole | Basalts | −0.98 | −0.5 | <0.8 ± 0.32 |
Masolay | 18 | Spring | Basalts | −1.16 | 1.18 | <0.8 ± 0.30 |
Randa | 1 | Spring | Basalts | −0.9 | −0.88 | <0.8 ± 0.34 |
Boli | 2 | Borehole | Basalts | −0.95 | −2.44 | <0.8 ± 0.34 |
Itki | 20 | Borehole | Basalts | −2.3 | −8.96 | <0.8 ± 0.32 |
Illalou | 21 | Spring | Basalts | 0.06 | 3.38 | <0.8 ± 0.35 |
Randaf | 7 | Borehole | Basalts | −0.69 | 0.81 | <0.8 ± 0.32 |
Adailou | 6 | Borehole | Basalts | −1.32 | −7.66 | <0.8 ± 0.36 |
Towele | 9 | Borehole | Basalts | −2.28 | −9.9 | <0.8 ± 0.32 |
Garassou | 28 | Well | Basalts | −0.11 | 2.54 | <0.8 ± 0.34 |
Bobo af | 23 | Borehole | Rhyolites | −0.64 | −0.93 | <0.8 ± 0.37 |
Weer | 33 | Spring | Rhyolites | −1.13 | 1.85 | <0.8 ± 0.31 |
Daimoli | 26 | Spring | Rhyolites | −1.57 | −6.25 | <0.8 ± 0.35 |
Tooha | 34 | Spring | Rhyolites | −0.96 | 2.01 | <0.8 ± 0.32 |
Bankoualé | 31 | Spring | Rhyolites | −1.09 | −0.38 | <0.8 ± 0.31 |
PK6-6 | 39 | Borehole | Sedimentary | −1 | −2.53 | 1.0 ± 0.38 |
PK9 | 37 | Borehole | Sedimentary | −1.14 | −0.19 | <0.8 ± 0.33 |
Chehem | 42 | Well | Sedimentary | −1.2 | −1.46 | <0.8 ± 0.33 |
Samples | ID | Water Point | Rock Type | 14C (pMC) (%) | Apparent Age Relative to 2015 (y) | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nghoubet | 13 | Borehole | Basalts | 64.43 | 3531 | Old |
Magaleh | 3 | Borehole | Basalts | 100.71 | Modern | Modern |
S_Randa | 1 | Spring | Basalts | 94.3 | 471 | Submodern |
Bolli | 2 | Borehole | Basalts | 98.03 | 160 | Submodern |
Itki | 20 | Borehole | Basalts | 85.85 | 1225 | Old |
Day | 44 | Borehole | Basalts | 80.61 | 1731 | Old |
Randa | 7 | Borehole | Basalts | 93.68 | 525 | Submodern |
Adaylou | 6 | Borehole | Basalts | 85.9 | 1221 | Old |
Towele | 9 | Borehole | Basalts | 73.36 | 2488 | Old |
Hallu | 45 | Borehole | Basalts | 16.66 | 14,395 | Old |
Amiso | 22 | Borehole | Rhyolites | 101.75 | Modern | Modern |
Daimoli | 26 | Spring | Rhyolites | 92.46 | 630 | Submodern |
Toha | 34 | Spring | Rhyolites | 98.03 | 160 | Submodern |
Pk6-6 | 39 | Borehole | Sedimentary | 89.81 | 864 | Submodern |
PK 9 | 37 | Borehole | Sedimentary | 87.59 | 1065 | Old |
T °C | EC µS/cm | pH | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | HCO3− | Cl− | SO42− | NO3− | Br− | SiO2 | TDS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GMR system | Average | 26.9 | 1283 | 7.6 | 77 | 34 | 136 | 4 | 275 | 188 | 85 | 55 | 1 | 63 | 860 |
SD | 4.9 | 497 | 0.2 | 29 | 18 | 88 | 2 | 83 | 120 | 78 | 39 | 1 | 23 | 315 | |
CV (%) | 18 | 39 | 3 | 37 | 52 | 64 | 58 | 30 | 64 | 92 | 70 | 75 | 36 | 37 | |
Minimum | 19.0 | 582 | 7.1 | 31 | 12 | 23 | 1 | 128 | 35 | 19 | 6 | 0 | 11 | 370 | |
Maximum | 47.1 | 2470 | 8.2 | 159 | 94 | 376 | 11 | 417 | 545 | 402 | 184 | 3 | 119 | 1730 | |
Basalts | Average | 27.9 | 1313 | 7.6 | 84 | 36 | 142 | 4 | 261 | 196 | 91 | 70 | 1 | 56 | 890 |
SD | 6.3 | 491 | 0.2 | 35 | 18 | 88 | 2 | 95 | 120 | 82 | 44 | 1 | 25 | 321 | |
CV (%) | 22 | 37 | 3 | 42 | 50 | 62 | 61 | 36 | 61 | 91 | 63 | 60 | 45 | 36 | |
Minimum | 19.0 | 582 | 7.2 | 31 | 14 | 23 | 1 | 131 | 46 | 23 | 19 | 0 | 11 | 534 | |
Maximum | 47.1 | 2397 | 8.1 | 159 | 88 | 376 | 10 | 406 | 430 | 402 | 184 | 2 | 119 | 1607 | |
Rhyolites | Average | 24.1 | 1124 | 7.7 | 78 | 29 | 98 | 5 | 310 | 144 | 64 | 35 | 1 | 70 | 764 |
SD | 2.3 | 484 | 0.2 | 19 | 10 | 69 | 3 | 72 | 103 | 71 | 24 | 1 | 16 | 270 | |
CV (%) | 9 | 43 | 3 | 24 | 36 | 70 | 58 | 23 | 71 | 111 | 68 | 93 | 23 | 35 | |
Minimum | 19.5 | 610 | 7.2 | 55 | 12 | 42 | 1 | 128 | 35 | 19 | 6 | 0 | 47 | 370 | |
Maximum | 27.0 | 2246 | 8.2 | 120 | 51 | 273 | 11 | 417 | 373 | 282 | 74 | 3 | 106 | 1422 | |
Sedimentary | Average | 28.7 | 1442 | 7.6 | 61 | 37 | 179 | 4 | 256 | 233 | 102 | 51 | 1 | 69 | 926 |
SD | 1.6 | 521 | 0.2 | 20 | 25 | 98 | 2 | 58 | 135 | 79 | 31 | 1 | 23 | 362 | |
CV (%) | 6 | 36 | 3 | 33 | 66 | 55 | 45 | 23 | 58 | 77 | 59 | 88 | 33 | 39 | |
Minimum | 26.0 | 746 | 7.1 | 32 | 12 | 62 | 2 | 165 | 70 | 40 | 17 | 0 | 41 | 423 | |
Maximum | 30.7 | 2470 | 7.9 | 99 | 94 | 351 | 7 | 340 | 545 | 291 | 96 | 3 | 114 | 1730 |
T | EC | pH | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | HCO3− | Cl− | SO42− | NO3− | Br− | SiO2 | TDS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | 1 | |||||||||||||
EC | 0.33 | 1 | ||||||||||||
pH | 0.25 | −0.02 | 1 | |||||||||||
Ca2+ | −0.15 | 0.44 | −0.31 | 1 | ||||||||||
Mg2+ | −0.02 | 0.67 | −0.42 | 0.6 | 1 | |||||||||
Na+ | 0.44 | 0.87 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 1 | ||||||||
K+ | 0.25 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.47 | 1 | |||||||
HCO3− | −0.46 | 0.1 | −0.17 | 0.35 | 0.42 | −0.11 | −0.24 | 1 | ||||||
Cl− | 0.37 | 0.93 | −0.07 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.51 | −0.07 | 1 | |||||
SO42− | 0.37 | 0.81 | −0.01 | 0.36 | 0.5 | 0.86 | 0.44 | −0.08 | 0.81 | 1 | ||||
NO3− | 0.17 | 0.26 | −0.06 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.09 | −0.07 | −0.11 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 1 | |||
Br− | 0.17 | 0.87 | −0.02 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.74 | 0.35 | 0.1 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.35 | 1 | ||
SiO2 | −0.14 | 0.08 | −0.06 | 0.1 | 0.28 | −0.09 | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.03 | −0.08 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 1 | |
TDS | 0.25 | 0.94 | −0.1 | 0.55 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.31 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 1 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | |
---|---|---|---|
T | 0.433 | −0.618 | 0.057 |
EC | 0.930 | 0.133 | 0.221 |
Ca2+ | 0.324 | 0.454 | 0.580 |
Mg2+ | 0.531 | 0.508 | 0.548 |
Na+ | 0.934 | −0.138 | −0.012 |
K+ | 0.645 | −0.115 | −0.292 |
HCO3− | −0.055 | 0.878 | 0.036 |
Cl− | 0.946 | 0.010 | 0.169 |
SO42− | 0.890 | −0.056 | 0.128 |
NO3− | 0.088 | −0.126 | 0.903 |
SiO2 | 0.053 | 0.642 | −0.147 |
Expl.Var % | 42 | 21 | 12 |
Cumulative % | 42 | 63 | 75 |
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Ahmed, I.M.; Jalludin, M.; Razack, M. Hydrochemical and Isotopic Assessment of Groundwater in the Goda Mountains Range System. Republic of Djibouti (Horn of Africa). Water 2020, 12, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12072004
Ahmed IM, Jalludin M, Razack M. Hydrochemical and Isotopic Assessment of Groundwater in the Goda Mountains Range System. Republic of Djibouti (Horn of Africa). Water. 2020; 12(7):2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12072004
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Ibrahim M., Mohamed Jalludin, and Moumtaz Razack. 2020. "Hydrochemical and Isotopic Assessment of Groundwater in the Goda Mountains Range System. Republic of Djibouti (Horn of Africa)" Water 12, no. 7: 2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12072004