Influence of Water Stress Levels on the Yield and Lycopene Content of Tomato
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of Experimental Site
2.2. Calculation of Yields and Quality Measurements
2.3. Description of the Irrigation System and Method of Irrigation
2.4. Plant Water Stress Measurements
2.5. Analytical Methods for Lycopene Measurements
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Meteorology, Irrigation
3.2. Yields
3.3. Effect of Irrigation
3.4. Effect of Water Supply on Water Use Efficiency
3.5. Effect of Stress Levels
3.6. Effect of Water Supply and Season on Lycopene
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Date of Planting | Date of Harvest | Growing Days | N (kg ha−1) | P (kg ha−1) | K (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 8 May | 14 August | 98 | 137 | 69 | 174 |
2019 | 17 May | 27 August | 102 | 138 | 117 | 183 |
Meteorological Data | 2018 | 2019 |
---|---|---|
Mean temperature for growing season (°C) | 22.3 | 22.5 |
Mean temperature of July (°C) | 23 | 22.4 |
Total precipitation for whole season (mm) | 126.9 | 256.5 |
Total precipitation of July (mm) | 64.8 | 60.5 |
Mean relative humidity for whole season (%) | 69 | 70.8 |
Mean relative humidity of July (%) | 69.1 | 67.3 |
Crop evapotranspiration for growing season (mm) | 445.5 | 454.8 |
Crop evapotranspiration for irrigated period (mm) | 328.8 | 321.3 |
Variable | Effect of Year | Effect of Treatment | Effect of Interaction |
---|---|---|---|
Biomass | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | 0.841 |
Total yield | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | 0.744 |
Marketable yield | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | 0.225 |
Green yield | 0.002 ** | 0.386 | 0.002 ** |
Non-marketable yield | 0.803 | 0.039 * | 0.8 |
Year | Treatment | Water (mm) | Biomass (t ha−1) | Total Fruit Yield (t ha−1) | Marketable Fruit Yield (t ha−1) | Green Fruit Yield (t ha−1) | Non-Marketable Fruit Yield (t ha−1) | SSC Yield (t ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | K | 171 | 61.2 ± 6.3 a | 46.9 ± 5.6 a | 28.5 ± 7.8 a | 9 ± 1 b,c | 9.4 ± 4.2 a | 1.7 ± 0.4 a |
I50 | 258 | 81.7 ± 5.8 a,b | 65.4 ± 5 a,b | 47.9 ± 5.5 a,b | 10.9 ± 1.5 c | 6.6 ± 2.2 a | 2.6 ± 0.3 a,b | |
I75 | 297 | 103.3 ± 6 b,c | 86.8 ± 5.4 b,c | 74.2 ± 5.4 b,c | 4.3 ± 0.3 a | 8.2 ± 0.8 a | 3.9 ± 0.4 b | |
I100 | 340 | 139.3 ± 15.2 c | 115.4 ± 12.5 c | 94.3 ± 8.7 c | 4.3 ± 1.1 a,b | 16.7 ± 3.3 a | 4.1 ± 0.4 b | |
2019 | K | 284 | 110.5 ± 5.1 a | 91.4 ± 5.9 a | 69.9 ± 7.3 a | 12.2 ± 2 a | 9.0 ± 0.9 a | 3.6 ± 0.3 a |
I50 | 338 | 118.9 ± 9.1 a | 103 ± 7.7 a | 86.3 ± 6.4 a | 6.4 ± 2 a | 10.0 ± 1 a | 4.3 ± 0.3 a | |
I75 | 365 | 136.4 ± 7 a,b | 114.8 ± 6.5 a,b | 87.6 ± 8.4 a | 13.1 ± 5.9 a | 13.7 ± 7.2 a | 4.5 ± 0.4 a | |
I100 | 392 | 170.7 ± 11.9 b | 136.9 ± 8.8 b | 100.2 ± 5.7 a | 22.1 ± 2.3 a | 14.1 ± 2.4 a | 4.6 ± 0.3 a |
Year | Treatment | Ratio of Marketable Yield (%) | Ratio of Green Yield (%) | Ratio of Non-Marketable Yield (%) | Fruits Per Plant (pcs) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | K | 60.8 | 19.1 | 20.1 | 64.6 a |
I50 | 73.3 | 16.7 | 10 | 65.4 a | |
I75 | 85.6 | 5 | 9.4 | 58.4 a | |
I100 | 81.7 | 3.8 | 14.5 | 72.1 a | |
2019 | K | 76.5 | 13.5 | 10 | 69.5 a |
I50 | 83.8 | 6.3 | 9.8 | 76.4 a | |
I75 | 76.3 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 103.9 a,b | |
I100 | 73.2 | 16.4 | 10.4 | 119.9 b |
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Takács, S.; Pék, Z.; Csányi, D.; Daood, H.G.; Szuvandzsiev, P.; Palotás, G.; Helyes, L. Influence of Water Stress Levels on the Yield and Lycopene Content of Tomato. Water 2020, 12, 2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082165
Takács S, Pék Z, Csányi D, Daood HG, Szuvandzsiev P, Palotás G, Helyes L. Influence of Water Stress Levels on the Yield and Lycopene Content of Tomato. Water. 2020; 12(8):2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082165
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakács, Sándor, Zoltán Pék, Dániel Csányi, Hussein G. Daood, Péter Szuvandzsiev, Gábor Palotás, and Lajos Helyes. 2020. "Influence of Water Stress Levels on the Yield and Lycopene Content of Tomato" Water 12, no. 8: 2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082165