Use of a Novel Biopellet to Treat Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Groundwater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. The Reactor
2.2. Novel Biopellets
2.3. TPH Treatment and Its Analysis
2.4. Data Quality
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microbial Acclimation
3.2. Biopellet Manufacturing and Performances
3.3. TPHd Removal
4. Conclusions
- Novel biopellets made from acclimated microbes, fermented fruit peels, and CaO2 recycled from eggshells appeared to effectively treat TPH-contaminated groundwater. The saturated C:N:P ratio reached 10:4:1 (by weight), with oxygen being released at approximately 1.0 mg/L after the addition of biopellets. Furthermore, triple alginate coating yielded a pellet floating time of up to 25 days.
- Microbes acclimated through gradually increasing TPHd additions up to concentrations of 1600 mg/L over a 60-day period were considered adequate, and this operation can be adopted to acclimate TPHd degraders. Through this acclimation process, the TPHd removal rate reached 46.2 mg/L per day.
- The biopellet treatment of TPHd in water at an initial concentration of 500 mg/L removed nearly 99% of the spiked TPHd at a removal rate of 64.1 mg/L per day. The remaining TPHd mainly consisted of carbon (C13–C18), which was more than 98% degraded after 8 days. When the TPHd spike was raised to 1500 mg/L, the daily removal rate increased to approximately 45.0 mg/L per day, and all spiked TPHs were completely removed by 22 days.
- During the first 8 days of treatment, the microbial count increased from near zero to 8.1 × 107 CFU/mL, the microbial consumption of N, P, and oxygen was considerable, the oxygen level remained high at 2.1 mg/L, and the pH was low at approximately 4.7.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability
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No. of Peaks | Compounds | Carbon Number | Density (g/cm³) | Eluted Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Naphthalene | C10 | 1.14 | 13.350 |
2 | Dodecane | C12 | 0.75 | 13.522 |
3 | Tridecane | C13 | 0.756 | 15.137 |
4 | Naphthalene, 2-methyl- | C11 | NA | 15.204 |
5 | Naphthalene, 1-methyl- | C11 | NA | 15.452 |
6 | Tetradecane | C14 | 0.764 | 16.613 |
7 | 2,6,10-Trimethyltridecane | C16 | NA | 17.446 |
8 | Heptadecane | C17 | 0.777 | 17.985 |
9 | Butane, 2,2-dimethyl- | C6 | NA | 19.455 |
10 | Hexadecane | C16 | 0.770 | 19.457 |
11 | Eicosane | C20 | NA | 28.921 |
12 | Phenanthrene, 2,3-dimethyl- | C16 | NA | 29.784 |
13 | 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester | C24 | 0.946 | 41.426 |
14 | Hexatriacontane | C36 | NA | 42.331 |
Runs | 0 Day | 1 Day | 2 Day | 4 Day | 8 Day |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I—no diesel, w/pellet | | | | | |
II—w/diesel, w/o pellet | | | | | |
III—w/diesel, w/pellet | | | | | |
C # | Compounds Left | Peak Area/% Area at Day 0 | Peak Area/% Area at Day 8 | % Removed on Day 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|
C13 | Tridecane | 24,135,133/1.6 | 275,068/14.6 | 98.9 |
C14 | Tetradecane | 44,592,741/2.9 | 592,722/31.5 | 98.7 |
C15 | Tetradecane, 2-methyl- | 13,138,933/0.9 | 100,706/5.4 | 99.2 |
C15 | Pentadecane | 38,815,206/2.5 | 628,999/33.4 | 98.4 |
C18 | Octadecane | 29,464,709/1.9 | 283,232/15.1 | 99.0 |
Percent of total peak areas | 9.8% | 100% |
Time Elapsed (Day) | Runs | TOC (mg/L) | TN (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | DO (mg/L) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | All runs | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.39 | 7.08 |
4 | I—no diesel, w/pellet | 119.1 | 396.7 | 178.8 | 2.35 | 6.58 |
II—w/diesel, w/o pellet | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.39 | 6.91 | |
III—w/diesel, w/pellet | 68.1 | 119.7 | 6.3 | 2.14 | 5.46 | |
8 | I—no diesel, w/pellet | 91.5 | 289.0 | 214.3 | 2.10 | 6.51 |
II—w/diesel, w/o pellet | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.39 | 6.88 | |
III—w/diesel, w/pellet | 10.1 | 37.3 | 2.1 | 2.06 | 4.65 |
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Yang, D.-S.; Chen, S.-T. Use of a Novel Biopellet to Treat Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Groundwater. Water 2020, 12, 2512. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092512
Yang D-S, Chen S-T. Use of a Novel Biopellet to Treat Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Groundwater. Water. 2020; 12(9):2512. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092512
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Dun-Sheng, and Shyi-Tien Chen. 2020. "Use of a Novel Biopellet to Treat Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Groundwater" Water 12, no. 9: 2512. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092512