Wastewater Treatment and Wood Production of Willow System in Cold Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Pilot Plant
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Water Balance
3.2. Mass Removal Rate
3.2.1. COD and BOD5
3.2.2. Nitrogen
3.2.3. Phosphorus
3.2.4. E. coli
3.3. Tree Growth
4. Discussion
4.1. Treatment Performance of the Wastewater Irrigated Short Rotation Coppice System in a Cold Climate
4.2. Design Recommendations for Mongolia
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Method | Equipment | Remark |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | - | Standard method | SenTix 41/Multi 340i | |
EC | µS·cm−1 | Standard method | TetraCon 925/Multi 340i | |
DO | mg·L−1 | Standard method | TetraCon 925/Multi 340i | |
COD | mg·L−1 | LCK 314, 15–150 mg·L−1 | LT200 and DR 2800 | |
TN | mg·L−1 | Laton LCK 238, 5–40 mg·L−1 | LT200 and DR 2800 | |
NH4-N | mg·L−1 | LCK 303, 2–47 mg·L−1 | DR 2800 | Filtered |
NO2-N | mg·L−1 | LCK 341, 0.015–0.6 mg·L−1 | DR 2800 | Filtered |
NO3-N | mg·L−1 | LCK 339, 0.23–13.5 mg·L−1 | DR 2800 | Filtered |
PO4-P | mg·L−1 | LCK 349, 0.05–1.5 mg·L−1 | DR 2800 | Filtered |
TP | mg·L−1 | LCK 349, 0.05–1.5 mg·L−1 | LT200 and DR 2800 | |
BOD5 | mg·L−1 | DIN EN 1899-2 (1998) | OXiTop IS 6 | |
E. coli | MPN·(100 mL)−1 | MNS 5668: 2006 |
Parameter | Study Year | Option A: External Winter Storage | Option B: Internal Winter Storage | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Load (g·m−2) | Removal (g·m−2) | Removed Percentage (%) | Load (g·m−2) | Removal (g·m−2) | Removed Percentage (%) | ||
COD | 1 | 258 | 155 | 60 | 573 | 392 | 68 |
2 | 311 | 283 | 91 | 642 | 403 | 63 | |
BOD5 | 1 | 128 | 118 | 92 | 212 | 186 | 88 |
2 | 194 | 189 | 97 | 390 | 323 | 83 | |
TN | 1 | 105 | 65 | 62 | 232 | 86 | 37 |
2 | 106 | 88 | 84 | 206 | 76 | 35 | |
NH4+-N | 1 | 82 | 82 | 99 | 190 | 177 | 93 |
2 | 93 | 93 | 100 | 183 | 156 | 85 | |
TP | 1 | 8.6 | 3.2 | 37 | 19.1 | 7.8 | 41 |
2 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 83 | 18.3 | 9.4 | 52 |
Parameter | Study Year | Bed A: External Winter Storage | Bed B: Internal Winter Storage | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrigation water | Drainage water | Log reduction | Irrigation water | Drainage water | Log reduction | ||
E.coli | 1 | 1.26E + 11 * | 8.18E + 09 * | 1.2 | 2.02E + 11 * | 4.41E + 10 * | 0.7 |
2 | 3.09E + 11 ** | 1.04E + 10 ** | 1.5 | 6.31E + 11 ** | 2.57E + 11 ** | 0.4 |
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Khurelbaatar, G.; van Afferden, M.; Sullivan, C.M.; Fühner, C.; Amgalan, J.; Londong, J.; Müller, R.A. Wastewater Treatment and Wood Production of Willow System in Cold Climate. Water 2021, 13, 1630. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121630
Khurelbaatar G, van Afferden M, Sullivan CM, Fühner C, Amgalan J, Londong J, Müller RA. Wastewater Treatment and Wood Production of Willow System in Cold Climate. Water. 2021; 13(12):1630. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121630
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhurelbaatar, Ganbaatar, Manfred van Afferden, Christopher M. Sullivan, Christoph Fühner, Jamsaran Amgalan, Jöerg Londong, and Roland Arno Müller. 2021. "Wastewater Treatment and Wood Production of Willow System in Cold Climate" Water 13, no. 12: 1630. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121630