Impact of EU Environmental Policy Implementation on the Quality and Status of Greek Rivers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. River Quality Status
4.2. Strengths and Weaknesses of the WFD Implementation in Greece
4.2.1. Administrative Issues and Proposals
4.2.2. Technical Issues and Proposals
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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River | Country | CA 1 | MCA 1 | RL 1 | MAD 2 | MAP 3 | MAT 3 | G 4 | LU 5 | Nr LD 6 | HPD 7 | GDP 8 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
km2 | m | km | km3/a | mm | °C | Si | Ca | AS % | AA % | F-SN % | WB-W % | inh/km2 | USD | |||
Evros | GR/TR/BG | 52,564 | 412 | 543 | 3.11 | 607 | 11.6 | + | 4.1 | 55.7 | 39.1 | 1.1 | 215 | 65 | 23,686 | |
Fonias | GR | 9.5 | 795 | 8 | 0.008 | 687 | 11.4 | + | 0.0 | 1.48 | 98.52 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | |
Nestos | GR/BG | 6177 | 1047 | 258 | 1.06 | 603 | 8.8 | + | 1.4 | 16.6 | 81.1 | 1.0 | 10 | 26 | 8360 | |
Lissos | GR | 1844 | 303 | 87 | 0.17 | 595 | 12.8 | + | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 3 | 48 | 28,693 | |
Kompsatos | GR | 1444 | 423 | 76 | 0.09 | 587 | 12.4 | + | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0,64 | 0.05 | 1 | 65 | 19,536 | |
Strymon | GR/BG | 16,803 | 719 | 366 | 1.67 | 556 | 10.3 | + | 2.9 | 37.2 | 58.9 | 1.0 | 29 | 53 | 15,010 | |
Axios | GR/NMK | 24,381 | 755 | 395 | 3.52 | 583 | 10.3 | + | 2.1 | 40.7 | 56.6 | 0.5 | 33 | 83 | 12,106 | |
Loudias | GR | 5685 | 624 | 187 | 0.73 | 530 | 11.9 | + | 5.4 | 46.5 | 46.3 | 1.8 | 10 | 63 | 22,424 | |
Aliakmon | GR | 6578 | 819 | 316 | 1.19 | 684 | 11.2 | + | 1.7 | 37.2 | 59.0 | 2.2 | 27 | 28 | 16,392 | |
Pinios | GR | 11,012 | 433 | 201 | 1.97 | 598 | 13.8 | + | 2.7 | 50.8 | 45.4 | 1.1 | 25 | 49 | 21,067 | |
Spercheios | GR | 1564 | 671 | 86 | 0.32 | 720 | 12.9 | + | 2.5 | 29.2 | 68.0 | 0.4 | 0 | 52 | 16,257 | |
Aoos | GR/AL | 6651 | 845 | 249 | 4.51 | 1119 | 11.3 | + | 2.4 | 18.5 | 78.6 | 0.5 | 1 | 19 | 15,552 | |
Louros | GR | 931 | 397 | 88 | 0.38 | 948 | 14.4 | + | + | 3.2 | 38.5 | 54.1 | 4.2 | 1 | 39 | 18,727 |
Acheloos | GR | 6478 | 744 | 255 | 2.32 | 865 | 12.1 | + | 1.5 | 18.3 | 75.4 | 4.8 | 6 | 25 | 24,242 | |
V. Kifissos | GR | 2541 | 423 | 126 | 0.26 | 630 | 14.6 | + | 2.7 | 46.2 | 49.6 | 1.5 | 0 | 38 | 34,128 | |
Alfeios | GR | 3637 | 690 | 145 | 1.71 | 819 | 13.0 | + | 1.7 | 38.6 | 59.4 | 0.3 | 1 | 17 | 22,285 | |
Evrotas | GR | 2418 | 654 | 92 | 0.76 | 744 | 13.7 | 1.0 | 34.6 | 64.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 23 | 27,885 | ||
Koiliaris | GR | 132 | 603.5 | 36 | 0.19 | 732 | 15.3 | + | 0.09 | 36.50 | 63.41 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 22,897 |
River | ES | River | ES | River | ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evros | B | Axios | P | Aoos | G |
Fonias | G | Gallikos | P | Louros | P |
Nestos | M | Loudias | P | Acheloos | M |
Lissos | P | Aliakmon | P | V. Kifisos | G |
Kompsatos | P | Pinios | P | Alfeios | M |
Strymon | P | Spercheios | M | Evrotas | P |
River | Year | Nr 1 | C-PQ | BQ | ES | Source | River | Year | Nr | C-PQ | BQ | ES | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evros | 2015 | 3, 2 | M | M | M | NMP | Aliakmon | 1995 | 11, 11 | M | M | M | AUTH |
2018 | 2, 2 | G | B | B | NMP | 1997 | 1, 1 | G | M | M | AUTH | ||
2019 | 3, 2 | M | B | B | NMP | 2012 | 1, 1 | G | B | B | AUTH | ||
Fonias | 2000 | 3, 3 | G | H | G | HCMR | 2013 | 2, 1 | G | P | P | NMP | |
2011 | 2, 2 | H | G | G | AUTH | 2014 | 3, 2 | M | M | M | NMP | ||
2015 | 2, 1 | H | H | H | NMP | 2015 | 3, 2 | M | M | M | NMP | ||
2018 | 4, 2 | H | G | G | NMP | 2018 | 3, 2 | G | P | P | NMP | ||
2019 | 2, 2 | H | G | G | NMP | 2019 | 3, 2 | G | P | P | NMP | ||
Nestos | 2008 | 2, 2 | H | M | M | AUTH | Pinios | 2002 | 2, 2 | M | M | M | AUTH |
2012 | 2, 1 | G | M | M | NMP | 2012 | 2, 1 | M | M | M | NMP | ||
2013 | 2, 1 | G | M | M | NMP | 2013 | 3, 2 | P | P | P | NMP | ||
2014 | 2, 2 | H | M | M | NMP | 2014 | 3, 2 | G | G | G | NMP | ||
2015 | 3, 2 | H | G | G | NMP | 2015 | 3, 2 | P | P | P | NMP | ||
2018 | 2, 2 | H | H | H | NMP | 2018 | 3, 2 | G | M | M | NMP | ||
2019 | 2, 2 | H | H | H | NMP | 2019 | 3, 2 | M | G | M | NMP | ||
Lissos | 2015 | 2, 1 | G | M | M | NMP | Spercheios | 2014 | 2, 1 | G | G | G | NMP |
2018 | 3, 2 | G | H | G | NMP | 2015 | 3, 2 | M | M | M | NMP | ||
2019 | 3, 3 | G | G | G | NMP | Aoos | 2000 | 3, 3 | H | H | H | HCMR | |
Kompsatos | 2000 | 3, 2 | G | P | P | HCMR | 2001 | 2, 2 | H | H | H | AUTH | |
2011 | 1, 1 | G | P | P | AUTH | 2013 | 3, 2 | H | G | G | NMP | ||
2015 | 3, 2 | H | M | M | NMP | 2019 | 3, 2 | H | H | H | NMP | ||
Strymon | 2008 | 2, 2 | G | P | P | AUTH | Louros | 2012 | 2, 1 | G | G | G | NMP |
2012 | 1, 1 | M | B | B | NMP | 2013 | 3, 2 | G | G | G | NMP | ||
2013 | 3, 2 | M | M | M | NMP | 2014 | 3, 2 | G | H | G | NMP | ||
2014 | 3, 2 | M | M | M | NMP | 2015 | 2, 2 | G | G | G | NMP | ||
2015 | 3, 2 | M | B | B | NMP | 2018 | 3, 2 | G | G | G | NMP | ||
2018 | 3, 2 | M | P | P | NMP | Acheloos | 2012 | 2, 1 | H | M | M | NMP | |
2019 | 3, 2 | M | M | M | NMP | 2013 | 3, 2 | G | M | M | NMP | ||
Axios | 1997 | 11, 11 | G | M | M | AUTH | 2014 | 3, 2 | H | G | G | NMP | |
1998 | 1, 1 | G | M | M | AUTH | 2018 | 3, 2 | H | G | G | NMP | ||
2000 | 3, 1 | M | P | P | AUTH | 2019 | 3, 2 | H | H | H | NMP | ||
2012 | 1, 1 | M | P | P | NMP | V. Kifisos | 2018 | 3, 2 | G | G | G | NMP | |
2013 | 3, 2 | M | P | P | NMP | Alfeios | 2000 | 3, 3 | M | M | M | HCMR | |
2014 | 1, 1 | M | B | B | NMP | 2014 | 3, 2 | G | G | G | NMP | ||
2018 | 3, 2 | G | P | P | NMP | 2015 | 3, 2 | G | H | G | NMP | ||
2019 | 3, 2 | M | P | P | NMP | 2018 | 3, 2 | P | M | P | NMP | ||
Gallikos | 2013 | 3, 2 | G | M | M | NMP | 2019 | 3, 2 | P | G | P | NMP | |
2018 | 3, 2 | G | G | G | NMP | Evrotas | 2006 | 2, 2 | M | P | P | HCMR | |
2019 | 3, 2 | G | G | G | NMP | 2010 | 2, 2 | M | G | M | HCMR | ||
Loudias | 2012 | 1, 1 | M | B | B | NMP | 2013 | 2, 2 | G | M | M | NMP | |
2013 | 3, 2 | P | P | P | NMP | 2018 | 3, 2 | G | G | G | NMP | ||
2014 | 3, 2 | P | P | P | NMP | 2019 | 3, 2 | G | H | G | NMP | ||
2015 | 3, 2 | M | P | P | NMP | ||||||||
2018 | 3, 2 | P | M | P | NMP | ||||||||
2019 | 3, 2 | P | M | P | NMP |
DO | N-NO3 | N-NO2 | N-NH4 | P-PO4 | TP | C-P Q | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980–2011 | 2012–2020 | 1980–2011 | 2012–2020 | 1980–2011 | 2012–2020 | 1980–2011 | 2012–2020 | 1980–2011 | 2012–2020 | 1980–2011 | 2012–2020 | 1980–2011 | 2012–2020 | |
Evros | 8.9 | 10.7 | 3.42 | 1.13 | 0.060 | 0.012 | 0.289 | 0.047 | 0.337 | 0.114 | 0.514 | 0.127 | 1.5 | 3.2 |
Fonias | 9.5 | 9.9 | 0.51 | 0.37 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.032 | 0.016 | 0.074 | 0.008 | 0.096 | 0.021 | 3.7 | 4.2 |
Nestos | 10.5 | 10.2 | 0.89 | 0.40 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.064 | 0.017 | 0.027 | 0.019 | 0.038 | 0.027 | 3.5 | 4.2 |
Lissos | 9.99 | 1.99 | 1.22 | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.106 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.023 | 0.041 | 0.031 | 2.7 | 3.7 | |
Kompsatos | 10.7 | 0.64 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.051 | 0.027 | 0.049 | 0.031 | 0.059 | 0.040 | 3.3 | 3.8 | |
Strymon | 10.2 | 8.3 | 1.45 | 0.83 | 0.024 | 0.073 | 0.094 | 0.081 | 0.142 | 0.276 | 0.167 | 0.311 | 2.7 | 1.8 |
Axios | 9.6 | 10.4 | 2.11 | 1.44 | 0.073 | 0.030 | 0.207 | 0.055 | 0.365 | 0.201 | 0.606 | 0.217 | 1.5 | 2.7 |
Loudias | 5.5 | 6.3 | 3.19 | 1.52 | 0.064 | 0.070 | 0.634 | 0.639 | 0.092 | 0.454 | 0.346 | 0.481 | 1.7 | 1.2 |
Aliakmon | 10.4 | 10.6 | 0.93 | 1.49 | 0.065 | 0.049 | 0.096 | 0.125 | 0.021 | 0.197 | 0.090 | 0.213 | 3.2 | 2.3 |
Pinios | 10.8 | 10.3 | 2.12 | 0.98 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.049 | 0.088 | 0.084 | 0.089 | 0.108 | 0.106 | 3.0 | 3.2 |
Spercheios | 8.3 | 6.9 | 1.20 | 0.79 | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.054 | 0.129 | 0.074 | 0.062 | 0.102 | 0.057 | 3.3 | 3.2 |
Aoos | 10.2 | 10.7 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.033 | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 3.8 | 4.3 |
Louros | 9.8 | 9.9 | 1.41 | 0.81 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.066 | 0.045 | 0.014 | 0.027 | 0.029 | 0.036 | 3.5 | 3.8 |
Acheloos | 10.6 | 8.1 | 0.59 | 0.19 | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.039 | 0.024 | 0.107 | 0.007 | 0.031 | 0.014 | 3.5 | 4.2 |
V. Kifissos | 9.2 | 9.6 | 1.66 | 3.12 | 0.023 | 0.030 | 0.164 | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.048 | 3.3 | 3.2 |
Alfeios | 9.3 | 9.7 | 2.02 | 0.86 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.109 | 0.037 | 0.021 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 3.3 | 3.7 |
Evrotas | 7.7 | 8.8 | 1.47 | 1.23 | 0.032 | 0.027 | 0.145 | 0.108 | 0.055 | 0.059 | 0.061 | 0.060 | 3.0 | 3.3 |
Koiliaris | 10.2 | 10.0 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.003 | 0.054 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.033 | 0.069 | 0.042 | 3.8 | 3.9 |
River | BOD5 | River | BOD5 | River | BOD5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evros | 3.45 | Axios | 3.86 | Aoos | 1.50 |
Fonias | 0.60 | Loudias | 4.03 | Louros | 2.64 |
Nestos | 1.71 | Aliakmon | 2.89 | Acheloos | 3.10 |
Lissos | 1.71 | Pinios | 3.27 | Alfeios | 1.68 |
Strymon | 3.44 | Spercheios | 4.77 | Evrotas | 2.17 |
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Skoulikidis, N.T.; Karaouzas, I.; Amaxidis, Y.; Lazaridou, M. Impact of EU Environmental Policy Implementation on the Quality and Status of Greek Rivers. Water 2021, 13, 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131858
Skoulikidis NT, Karaouzas I, Amaxidis Y, Lazaridou M. Impact of EU Environmental Policy Implementation on the Quality and Status of Greek Rivers. Water. 2021; 13(13):1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131858
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkoulikidis, Nikolaos Theodor, Ioannis Karaouzas, Yorgos Amaxidis, and Maria Lazaridou. 2021. "Impact of EU Environmental Policy Implementation on the Quality and Status of Greek Rivers" Water 13, no. 13: 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131858