Next Article in Journal
Stratification in a Reservoir Mixed by Bubble Plumes under Future Climate Scenarios
Next Article in Special Issue
Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Study of Basic Red 5 on Synthesized Silica Monolith Particles
Previous Article in Journal
Micro-Clustering and Rank-Learning Profiling of a Small Water-Quality Multi-Index Dataset to Improve a Recycling Process
Previous Article in Special Issue
A Review on Silver Nanoparticles: Classification, Various Methods of Synthesis, and Their Potential Roles in Biomedical Applications and Water Treatment
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Water
Volume 13
Issue 18
10.3390/w13182468
water-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Levels and Potential Health Hazards of Chlorinated Pesticides in Surface Water Samples of Charsadda Area of Pakistan Using SPME-GC-ECD Technique

by
Muhammad Ismail
1,*,
Sultan Alam
2,
Muhammad Sufaid Khan
2,
Luqman Ali Shah
3,
S. M. Mukaram Shah
4,
Muhammad Wahab
5,
Gul Rukh
1,
Najeeb ur Rahman
2,
Noor Rehman
6,
Noor ul Amin
7,
Juris Burlakovs
8,
Anna Kallistova
9,
Nikolai Pimenov
9,
Zane Vincevica-Gaile
10,
Yahya Jani
11,
Muhammad Zahoor
12,* and
Ivar Zekker
13,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Women University Swabi, Swabi 23430, KPK, Pakistan
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower 18800, KPK, Pakistan
3
National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry (NCE), University of Peshawar, Peshawar 230000, Pakistan
4
Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi 23430, KPK, Pakistan
5
Department of Botany, Woman University Swabi, Swabi 23430, Pakistan
6
Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir Upper 18800, Pakistan
7
Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
8
Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 5 Kreutzwaldi St., 51006 Tartu, Estonia
9
Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Leninsky Pro-Spect, 33, Build. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
10
Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
11
Department of Urban Studies, Unit of Built Environment and Environmental Science, Malmö University, 211 19 Malmö, Sweden
12
Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower 18800, KPK, Pakistan
13
Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
remove Hide full affiliation list
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2021, 13(18), 2468; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182468
Submission received: 21 July 2021 / Revised: 28 August 2021 / Accepted: 2 September 2021 / Published: 8 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficient Catalytic and Microbial Treatment of Water Pollutants)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

In the present study, we determined the levels of chlorinated pesticide residues in surface water samples collected from the Charsadda district (KPK, Pakistan). SPME-GC-ECD with COMBI PAL CTC autosampler was used for extraction and analysis of 20 organochlorine pesticides in the collected water samples. For maximum efficiency of the SPME procedure, several parameters were studied, including the extraction and desorption time of the fiber, solution pH, agitation of samples, and stirring speed, etc. This method showed good liner response, with R2 values in the range of 0.9887 to 0.9999 for all pesticides. This method also provided good percent recoveries at 1 µg L−1 (87.5 to 106.0%) and at 2 µg L−1 (88.5 to 109.2%). Lower limits of detection for all 20 chlorinated pesticides were found to be lower than their maximum permissible contamination levels. Approximately 50% of the surface water samples collected from the Charsadda district were found to be contaminated with the pesticides γ-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin and dieldrin, with maximum concentrations of 0.023, 0.108, 0.014 and 0.013 µg L−1, respectively. For adults and children, the cancer risk from water due to contamination by various pesticides ranged from 0 to 33.29 × 10−6. The non-carcinogenic risk from each pollutant in the water samples of the Charsadda district was found to be in the order of heptachlor > aldrin > dieldrin > γ-BHC. However, the pesticides α-BHC, β-BHC, heptachlor epoxide, chlordane, endrin, 4,4′-DDD, endrin ketone, 4,4′-DDT, endosulfan sulfate and methoxychlor were not detected in any of the surface water samples of investigated in the present study.
Keywords: chlorinated pesticides; SPME; GC-ECD; water samples; cancer risk chlorinated pesticides; SPME; GC-ECD; water samples; cancer risk

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ismail, M.; Alam, S.; Khan, M.S.; Shah, L.A.; Shah, S.M.M.; Wahab, M.; Rukh, G.; Rahman, N.u.; Rehman, N.; Amin, N.u.; et al. Levels and Potential Health Hazards of Chlorinated Pesticides in Surface Water Samples of Charsadda Area of Pakistan Using SPME-GC-ECD Technique. Water 2021, 13, 2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182468

AMA Style

Ismail M, Alam S, Khan MS, Shah LA, Shah SMM, Wahab M, Rukh G, Rahman Nu, Rehman N, Amin Nu, et al. Levels and Potential Health Hazards of Chlorinated Pesticides in Surface Water Samples of Charsadda Area of Pakistan Using SPME-GC-ECD Technique. Water. 2021; 13(18):2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182468

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ismail, Muhammad, Sultan Alam, Muhammad Sufaid Khan, Luqman Ali Shah, S. M. Mukaram Shah, Muhammad Wahab, Gul Rukh, Najeeb ur Rahman, Noor Rehman, Noor ul Amin, and et al. 2021. "Levels and Potential Health Hazards of Chlorinated Pesticides in Surface Water Samples of Charsadda Area of Pakistan Using SPME-GC-ECD Technique" Water 13, no. 18: 2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182468

APA Style

Ismail, M., Alam, S., Khan, M. S., Shah, L. A., Shah, S. M. M., Wahab, M., Rukh, G., Rahman, N. u., Rehman, N., Amin, N. u., Burlakovs, J., Kallistova, A., Pimenov, N., Vincevica-Gaile, Z., Jani, Y., Zahoor, M., & Zekker, I. (2021). Levels and Potential Health Hazards of Chlorinated Pesticides in Surface Water Samples of Charsadda Area of Pakistan Using SPME-GC-ECD Technique. Water, 13(18), 2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182468

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop