Water Quality, Availability, and Uses in Rural Communities in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Description
2.2. Geological and Tectonic Setting
2.3. Data Collection and Water Sample Analysis
2.4. Interpolation and Statistical Analysis
2.5. Geo-Information Technique
2.6. Water Use and Suitability for Different Purposes
2.7. Water Type Classification
2.7.1. Classification According to TDS
2.7.2. Classification According to EC
2.8. Classification of the Irrigation Water
2.8.1. Todd Classification (1980)
2.8.2. Rhoades Classification (1992)
2.8.3. Don Classification (1995)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Parameters
3.2. Water Uses and Suitability Analysis
3.2.1. Water Use for Livestock Purposes
3.2.2. Water Use for Agricultural Purposes
3.2.3. Water Use for Irrigation Purposes
3.3. Suitability Analysis
3.4. Water Type and Classification of the Irrigation Water
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Meteorological Station | Parameter | Months | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | ||
Erbil City | Rainfall (mm) | 66.6 | 65.9 | 67.1 | 45.4 | 18.3 | 1 | 0 | 0.1 | 3.7 | 32 | 34.7 | 65.6 |
R.H% | 69.9 | 67.3 | 61.2 | 54.4 | 40.7 | 30. 9 | 27.7 | 29 | 34 | 45.3 | 59 | 66.4 | |
Temp. (°C) | 8.9 | 11 | 15.3 | 20.4 | 26.6 | 32.5 | 35.3 | 35.2 | 30.2 | 24.2 | 15.6 | 10.8 | |
Sunshine Duration (h/day) | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 7. 9 | 9.2 | 11.9 | 12 | 11.6 | 10.5 | 8.1 | 7.2 | 5.9 | |
Wind Speed (m/s) | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.5 | |
Evaporation (mm) | 1.8 | 2.5 | 4.4 | 6 | 9.3 | 12.7 | 13.4 | 12.6 | 9.5 | 6.3 | 3.2 | 2 | |
Sulaymania City | Rainfall (mm) | 101.3 | 130 | 106.5 | 88.4 | 30.8 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.01 | 1.8 | 43.6 | 72.5 | 109.7 |
R.H% | 70.3 | 66.8 | 58.9 | 55.7 | 41.7 | 27 | 24.9 | 24 | 30.1 | 44.1 | 59.7 | 65.5 | |
Temp. (°C) | 6.8 | 8.7 | 13.2 | 17.8 | 24 | 30.3 | 33.5 | 33.7 | 29 | 22.3 | 14.1 | 9.6 | |
Sunshine Duration (h/day) | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 7.3 | 6 | 5.1 | |
Wind Speed (m/s) | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.8 | |
Evaporation (mm) | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 7 | 10.8 | 11.8 | 11 | 7.9 | 4.9 | 2.9 | 2.3 | |
Duhok City | Rainfall (mm) | 125 | 80.9 | 77 | 65 | 28.8 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2 | 30.6 | 61.7 | 96.8 |
R.H% | 67.4 | 66.5 | 59.8 | 54.3 | 43.1 | 30.9 | 26.8 | 26.7 | 31.8 | 43 | 58.3 | 64.8 | |
Temp. (°C) | 7.7 | 10.4 | 13.9 | 18.6 | 24.7 | 30.4 | 33.1 | 32.8 | 28.1 | 22 | 14.2 | 9.9 | |
Sunshine Duration (h/day) | 4.2 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 7 | 9.1 | 11.2 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 9.2 | 7 | 5.5 | 4.4 | |
Wind Speed (m/s) | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | |
Evaporation (mm) | 1.4 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 7.5 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 10.5 | 7.82 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 1.4 | |
Halabja City | Rainfall (mm) | 74.6 | 75.7 | 71.5 | 42.7 | 14.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 46.7 | 71.3 | 99.2 |
R.H% | 67.7 | 57.6 | 56.1 | 48.9 | 32 | 15.9 | 13.7 | 13.9 | 18.6 | 32.7 | 57.9 | 64.3 | |
Temp. (°C) | 6.2 | 9.1 | 13.2 | 18.7 | 24.1 | 31.3 | 35.2 | 34.9 | 29.6 | 22.4 | 13.9 | 8.2 | |
Sunshine Duration (h/day) | 4.7 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 10 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 5.2 | |
Wind Speed (m/s) | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.75 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.1 | |
Evaporation (mm) | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 7 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 11.4 | 7.97 | 5 | 2.9 | 2.5 |
Appendix B
SN | Well Name | X | Y | Z | Well Depth (m) | EC (μS/cm) | Temp. °C | pH | TDS (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tendura | 395413 | 3993026 | 335 | 180 | 709 | 24 | 7.3 | 461 |
2 | Siaw | 387823 | 3986646 | 294 | 135 | 522 | 25 | 7.8 | 339 |
3 | Mastawa | 395425 | 3989611 | 313 | 110 | 2380 | 22 | 7.1 | 1547 |
4 | Chiman | 398291 | 3992781 | 332 | 140 | 701 | 25 | 7.6 | 456 |
5 | Sirawa | 390621 | 3991566 | 288 | 170 | 684 | 25 | 7.2 | 445 |
6 | Surbash kakalla | 399116 | 3986546 | 328 | 150 | 1440 | 22 | 7.3 | 936 |
7 | Surbash Hawez | 399119 | 3990618 | 342 | 50 | 1090 | 24 | 7.8 | 709 |
8 | Sorizha | 399758 | 3984480 | 327 | 160 | 685 | 24 | 7.6 | 445 |
9 | Shekh Sherwan | 385648 | 3988509 | 297 | 112 | 492 | 25 | 8 | 320 |
10 | Delogoli Khwaru | 396086 | 3995879 | 339 | 162 | 706 | 23 | 7.8 | 459 |
11 | Daldaghan | 399945 | 3992666 | 339 | 140 | 771 | 24 | 7.4 | 501 |
12 | Dustapa | 399176 | 3995794 | 325 | 124 | 576 | 25 | 7.9 | 374 |
13 | Shekh Sherwan | 385318 | 3988765 | 296 | 200 | 508 | 25 | 7.9 | 330 |
14 | Yadiqizlar | 398385 | 3982621 | 322 | 200 | 960 | 25 | 7.4 | 624 |
15 | Mastawa | 393502 | 3989935 | 314 | 132 | 1160 | 24 | 7.3 | 754 |
16 | ArabKand | 401207 | 4000412 | 348 | 135 | 686 | 23 | 7.6 | 446 |
17 | Binberzi Gichka | 396837 | 4001782 | 342 | 200 | 534 | 25 | 7.9 | 347 |
18 | Binberz | 395933 | 4001268 | 352 | 180 | 452 | 24 | 7.9 | 294 |
19 | Binberz | 396224 | 4000855 | 345 | 153 | 455 | 25 | 7.6 | 296 |
20 | Jimka | 395878 | 4000194 | 326 | 100 | 608 | 24 | 7.4 | 395 |
21 | Yarmja | 394854 | 3999461 | 331 | 120 | 362 | 24 | 8.2 | 235 |
22 | SwarayGawra | 396326 | 3998153 | 374 | 110 | 670 | 23 | 7.9 | 436 |
23 | Khazna | 391529 | 3997369 | 311 | 142 | 713 | 23 | 8 | 463 |
24 | Lajan Harki | 391734 | 3999080 | 335 | 175 | 1200 | 25 | 8.5 | 780 |
25 | Dusara Jabar | 400708 | 3990293 | 341 | 170 | 970 | 24 | 8.3 | 631 |
26 | Qoritan Chukil | 405209 | 3992905 | 357 | 240 | 442 | 24 | 8.4 | 287 |
27 | SwarayGichka | 401598 | 4004542 | 401 | 250 | 646 | 24 | 8.1 | 420 |
28 | Beryat | 404024 | 3996473 | 342 | 173 | 467 | 23 | 7.8 | 304 |
29 | ArabKand | 400867 | 4000423 | 352 | 128 | 681 | 22 | 7.6 | 443 |
30 | Awena | 382629 | 3991199 | 290 | 101 | 940 | 26 | 8.4 | 611 |
31 | Delogoli Khwaru | 394152 | 3997089 | 325 | 120 | 356 | 23 | 8.3 | 231 |
32 | Turaq | 404792 | 4002899 | 376 | 200 | 578 | 24 | 7.8 | 376 |
33 | SwarayGichka | 402800 | 4004166 | 370 | 240 | 714 | 23 | 8.1 | 464 |
34 | Tobzawa | 410115 | 3997736 | 398 | 170 | 365 | 23 | 8.1 | 237 |
35 | Trpaspian | 403751 | 3983092 | 336 | 174 | 660 | 22 | 8.2 | 429 |
36 | Pirdaud | 403042 | 3986933 | 348 | 150 | 613 | 23 | 7.8 | 398 |
37 | Serkarez | 406857 | 3998106 | 377 | 245 | 386 | 25 | 8.2 | 251 |
38 | Gird Muhammad | 407322 | 3997855 | 383 | 249 | 438 | 24 | 8.5 | 285 |
39 | Serkarez | 406998 | 3997742 | 376 | 240 | 430 | 25 | 7.9 | 280 |
40 | TimaryGawra | 408089 | 3996528 | 374 | 204 | 501 | 24 | 8.4 | 326 |
41 | Mizahmed | 405693 | 3996774 | 370 | 164 | 450 | 23 | 7.8 | 293 |
42 | qatawy | 406891 | 3997283 | 376 | 208 | 412 | 25 | 8 | 268 |
43 | Serkeez | 407100 | 3997486 | 388 | 200 | 496 | 24 | 8.4 | 322 |
44 | Baghlominara | 405721 | 4001433 | 378 | 160 | 499 | 21 | 8.3 | 324 |
45 | Dugirdkan | 405002 | 3981465 | 357 | 170 | 740 | 24 | 7.3 | 481 |
46 | Elinjagh | 420484 | 3979467 | 429 | 180 | 410 | 24 | 7.5 | 267 |
47 | BerAraban | 410425 | 3974764 | 360 | 125 | 670 | 25 | 7.3 | 436 |
48 | Qushtapa | 412908 | 3984905 | 398 | 60 | 470 | 24 | 7.4 | 306 |
49 | SebiranyAdo | 409447 | 3981910 | 378 | 185 | 530 | 25 | 7.5 | 345 |
50 | Doshewan | 426219 | 3982081 | 496 | 175 | 480 | 25 | 7.4 | 312 |
51 | Dolazay Nawand | 412989 | 3972710 | 334 | 180 | 620 | 25 | 7.2 | 403 |
52 | QaziKhana | 408707 | 3973989 | 343 | 205 | 1600 | 23 | 7 | 1040 |
53 | SurbashKhidr | 406064 | 3975330 | 346 | 50 | 1300 | 25 | 7.5 | 845 |
54 | OmerMamka | 416194 | 3969285 | 317 | 160 | 710 | 24 | 7.4 | 462 |
55 | GirdMala | 415049 | 3985162 | 421 | 100 | 470 | 23 | 7.5 | 306 |
56 | Aliawa | 412033 | 3967864 | 331 | 160 | 600 | 24 | 7 | 390 |
57 | Omaraway Gawra | 419638 | 3968151 | 319 | 140 | 630 | 23 | 7.1 | 410 |
58 | Rolka | 428855 | 3980903 | 517 | 200 | 460 | 26 | 7.3 | 299 |
59 | KanyBizra | 426232 | 3985419 | 538 | 108 | 440 | 24 | 7.3 | 286 |
60 | Rolka | 426608 | 3977937 | 458 | 200 | 530 | 26 | 7.3 | 345 |
61 | Aziana | 427596 | 3974853 | 443 | 180 | 380 | 25 | 7.3 | 247 |
62 | Pongena Mantik | 428654 | 3976444 | 485 | 126 | 430 | 21 | 7.5 | 280 |
63 | Dokala | 406733 | 3977235 | 357 | 150 | 660 | 26 | 7.4 | 429 |
64 | Qashqa | 429168 | 3967811 | 273 | 82 | 440 | 25 | 7.5 | 286 |
65 | Seequchan | 419075 | 3964982 | 299 | 186 | 680 | 21 | 7 | 442 |
66 | Sinala | 418483 | 3972394 | 349 | 198 | 570 | 24 | 7.1 | 371 |
67 | Shekhan | 416152 | 3964799 | 309 | 153 | 440 | 24 | 7 | 286 |
68 | Omerawa Bichuk | 417486 | 3965549 | 303 | 150 | 690 | 24 | 7.3 | 449 |
69 | GirdaSor | 423034 | 3971717 | 361 | 200 | 360 | 23 | 7.3 | 234 |
70 | Girdasor | 423584 | 3971885 | 362 | 200 | 360 | 23 | 7.4 | 234 |
71 | Mirakany Afandi | 424219 | 3979606 | 458 | 153 | 540 | 28 | 7.2 | 351 |
72 | Mirakany khedr | 428579 | 3984536 | 520 | 254 | 490 | 24 | 7.2 | 319 |
73 | GirdLanka | 414267 | 3966889 | 301 | 200 | 560 | 27 | 7.2 | 364 |
74 | Qarajnagha | 413443 | 3992743 | 398 | 190 | 330 | 24 | 7.6 | 215 |
75 | Aliawa mardan | 407215 | 3991827 | 380 | 50 | 510 | 23 | 7.8 | 332 |
76 | Aliawa mardan | 406343 | 3990223 | 354 | 220 | 560 | 22 | 7.4 | 364 |
77 | Mortka shahab | 412765 | 3988467 | 408 | 194 | 330 | 24 | 7.7 | 215 |
78 | Kardiz | 420011 | 3983698 | 452 | 50 | 400 | 23 | 7.6 | 260 |
79 | Majidawa | 373717 | 3988067 | 244 | 206 | 928 | 21.8 | 7.8 | 603 |
80 | Garasor | 366198 | 3966290 | 236 | 123 | 3100 | 21 | 7.3 | 2015 |
81 | Hasarok | 383687 | 3980931 | 320 | 111 | 400 | 20 | 7.9 | 260 |
82 | Milhurt | 368641 | 3980649 | 259 | 143 | 2220 | 23 | 7.4 | 1443 |
83 | Said Ubaid | 376313 | 3981264 | 265 | 143 | 5090 | 20 | 7.6 | 3309 |
84 | shorazartka | 375605 | 3983239 | 259 | 157 | 3770 | 20 | 7.7 | 2451 |
85 | Gomaspan | 437276 | 4014456 | 817 | 160 | 697 | 21 | 7.7 | 453 |
86 | Almawani khwaru | 430030 | 4028563 | 773 | 120 | 1850 | 21 | 7.2 | 1203 |
87 | SaryBlind | 430375 | 4020969 | 829 | 103 | 640 | 21 | 7.2 | 416 |
88 | Dawdawa | 430149 | 4028189 | 797 | 145 | 723 | 18 | 6.5 | 470 |
89 | Shekhan Harki | 423363 | 4028611 | 589 | 100 | 577 | 20 | 7.5 | 375 |
90 | Azhga | 426637 | 4031996 | 761 | 121 | 676 | 20 | 7.4 | 439 |
91 | Zagros | 427847 | 4030919 | 783 | 100 | 585 | 20 | 7.6 | 380 |
92 | Qalasinji Saru | 439237 | 4024471 | 1195 | 130 | 456 | 20 | 7.8 | 296 |
93 | Tobzawa | 414660 | 4024692 | 484 | 50 | 405 | 20 | 7.8 | 263 |
94 | Harbo | 434247 | 4069154 | 650 | 175 | 331 | 20 | 7.8 | 215 |
95 | Khardan | 442530 | 4074013 | 812 | 255 | 442 | 20 | 7.4 | 287 |
96 | Kalak | 382135 | 4015828 | 287 | 112 | 330 | 24 | 8.4 | 215 |
97 | Konakalak | 379603 | 4012701 | 320 | 105 | 512 | 22 | 7.9 | 333 |
98 | Malaomer | 386802 | 4015630 | 242 | 102.8 | 1150 | 25 | 8 | 748 |
99 | Khabat | 376462 | 4008393 | 246 | 170 | 950 | 25 | 8.4 | 618 |
100 | Chamadubz | 376782 | 4010057 | 252 | 180 | 1270 | 31 | 8.8 | 826 |
101 | Bastam | 378033 | 4011366 | 261 | 180 | 1150 | 25 | 8.5 | 748 |
102 | KonaSekhora | 397099 | 4005687 | 409 | 160 | 526 | 24 | 8.6 | 342 |
103 | Kany Qirzhala | 397768 | 4007730 | 450 | 220 | 545 | 25 | 8.5 | 354 |
104 | Sebirani Gaura | 387589 | 4011243 | 402 | 143 | 542 | 24 | 8 | 352 |
105 | Kawraban | 389545 | 4009579 | 420 | 160 | 452 | 24 | 8.3 | 294 |
106 | Qariatagh | 399065 | 4002583 | 355 | 117 | 678 | 24 | 8.3 | 441 |
107 | Qalatga | 398014 | 4012250 | 381 | 200 | 448 | 25 | 8.3 | 291 |
108 | Satoor | 392155 | 4004737 | 446 | 160 | 391 | 25 | 8.4 | 254 |
109 | Girdarasha zab | 383730 | 4018266 | 277 | 120 | 434 | 24 | 8.3 | 282 |
110 | Kawr Gosk | 389147 | 4023536 | 297 | 100 | 1210 | 24 | 8.5 | 787 |
111 | Gainji Gaura | 393451 | 4020664 | 314 | 100 | 447 | 24 | 8.1 | 291 |
112 | Agholan Assad | 390878 | 4020421 | 298 | 155 | 386 | 24 | 8.5 | 251 |
113 | Agholan bichuk | 388452 | 4020472 | 321 | 160 | 474 | 21 | 8.2 | 308 |
114 | Girdasor | 396053 | 4017280 | 325 | 150 | 511 | 23 | 7.9 | 332 |
115 | Shewarash Kon | 391955 | 4025303 | 282 | 150 | 930 | 23 | 8.7 | 605 |
116 | Shewarash | 394680 | 4025042 | 365 | 136 | 419 | 24 | 8.5 | 272 |
117 | Shewarash Diwan | 392407 | 4026303 | 291 | 99 | 605 | 23 | 8.6 | 393 |
118 | mamalok | 395288 | 4023005 | 355 | 88 | 286 | 24 | 8.3 | 186 |
119 | Kharaba Draw | 398390 | 4018460 | 369 | 100 | 411 | 22 | 8.2 | 267 |
120 | Smailawa | 395643 | 4014878 | 345 | 140 | 583 | 23 | 8.4 | 379 |
121 | Halajay gaura | 423849 | 3989468 | 534 | 120 | 360 | 23 | 7 | 234 |
122 | Palany | 419985 | 3986363 | 461 | 114 | 380 | 23 | 7.5 | 247 |
123 | Sablagh | 420927 | 3989485 | 506 | 125 | 340 | 23 | 7.4 | 221 |
124 | Baghmera shahab | 420519 | 3996696 | 476 | 136 | 330 | 23 | 7.3 | 215 |
125 | Daratoo | 414839 | 3998493 | 430 | 154 | 289 | 23 | 7.3 | 188 |
126 | Girdarashay Mufti | 411909 | 3997991 | 413 | 100 | 340 | 22 | 7.4 | 221 |
127 | Kasnazan | 422851 | 4007170 | 581 | 182 | 390 | 22 | 7.5 | 254 |
128 | Mam choghan | 429660 | 4009737 | 867 | 130 | 360 | 21 | 7.7 | 234 |
129 | Sharaboty Gichka | 428527 | 4011232 | 850 | 75 | 390 | 21 | 7.6 | 254 |
130 | Mala Omar | 422978 | 4017757 | 635 | 122 | 360 | 23 | 7.7 | 234 |
131 | Tobzawa | 462649 | 3993215 | 723 | 115 | 507 | 17 | 7.9 | 330 |
132 | Shiwashan | 482780 | 3982821 | 702 | 281 | 504 | 21 | 7 | 328 |
133 | Sarkarezy zrary | 404494 | 4030763 | 378 | 185 | 420 | 22 | 8 | 273 |
134 | Sarkawr Harky | 402843 | 4029145 | 389 | 98 | 378 | 20 | 9.1 | 246 |
135 | Qafar | 407471 | 4028044 | 438 | 111 | 430 | 21 | 8 | 280 |
136 | Rashkin | 406162 | 4007467 | 385 | 200 | 505 | 23 | 7.5 | 328 |
137 | Przin | 416741 | 4013421 | 493 | 160 | 412 | 22 | 7 | 268 |
138 | Bahrka | 413063 | 4019111 | 464 | 168 | 370 | 21 | 7 | 241 |
139 | Bahirka | 414097 | 4020895 | 494 | 300 | 375 | 23 | 7 | 244 |
140 | Bark Bichuk | 412902 | 4012230 | 469 | 240 | 381 | 24 | 7.3 | 248 |
141 | ShekhaShil | 411314 | 4017350 | 436 | 145 | 436 | 23 | 7.4 | 283 |
142 | Grdachal | 404224 | 4024290 | 389 | 134 | 433 | 23 | 8 | 281 |
143 | Qalanchoghan | 400623 | 4016125 | 357 | 240 | 398 | 24 | 8.3 | 259 |
144 | Shakholan | 398649 | 4027829 | 359 | 138 | 420 | 20 | 9 | 273 |
145 | Barhushter | 400202 | 4024210 | 357 | 150 | 568 | 23 | 9 | 369 |
146 | Saidan | 398445 | 4021755 | 347 | 56 | 468 | 22 | 8 | 304 |
147 | Daraban | 401047 | 4018612 | 348 | 240 | 440 | 24 | 9 | 286 |
148 | Darashakran | 409834 | 4029370 | 409 | 180 | 590 | 20 | 7.5 | 384 |
149 | Hababan | 412796 | 4043905 | 597 | 145 | 360 | 21 | 8 | 234 |
150 | Binaslawa | 420902 | 4001510 | 525 | 136 | 370 | 21 | 7 | 241 |
151 | Binaslaway Bchuk | 424875 | 4001969 | 581 | 120 | 360 | 22 | 7 | 234 |
152 | Binaslawa | 421933 | 4001655 | 533 | 147 | 370 | 22 | 8 | 241 |
153 | Ankawa | 409437 | 4010729 | 421 | 132 | 379 | 21 | 7 | 246 |
154 | Serwaran Qtr | 415487 | 4005967 | 454 | 200 | 350 | 22 | 7.7 | 228 |
155 | Nawand | 413828 | 4003996 | 444 | 170 | 423 | 21 | 7.7 | 275 |
156 | Polisan | 413679 | 4004401 | 435 | 300 | 370 | 20 | 7.5 | 241 |
157 | Badawa | 413828 | 4003167 | 432 | 151 | 310 | 21 | 7.6 | 202 |
158 | Zanko | 413428 | 4001349 | 429 | 150 | 330 | 21 | 7.7 | 215 |
159 | Park | 409071 | 4006018 | 401 | 171 | 490 | 22 | 7.5 | 319 |
160 | Nawand | 406202 | 4005323 | 383 | 250 | 475 | 21 | 7 | 309 |
161 | Taajil | 410466 | 4005273 | 410 | 166 | 585 | 21 | 7.6 | 380 |
162 | nawroz | 408067 | 4003647 | 397 | 156 | 661 | 21 | 7.3 | 430 |
163 | Sarkavr Well | 416765 | 4078678 | 637 | 139 | 489 | 21 | 7.3 | 318 |
164 | Fakiran village well | 421428 | 4080281 | 478 | 123 | 436 | 23 | 7.5 | 283 |
165 | Shuri Village Well | 420125 | 4076941 | 619 | 104 | 457 | 22.4 | 7.4 | 297 |
166 | Pirasal Village Well | 424872 | 4077161 | 492 | 100 | 400 | 21 | 7.8 | 260 |
167 | Havendika Village | 433114 | 4072683 | 452 | 100 | 414 | 21.2 | 7.2 | 269 |
168 | Harbo Village Well | 434247 | 4069154 | 650 | 175 | 331 | 20 | 7.8 | 215 |
169 | Mergasor well 2 | 438635 | 4076840 | 1101 | 113 | 850 | 21.5 | 7.6 | 553 |
Appendix C
SN | Well Name | X | Y | Z | Well Depth (m) | EC (μS/cm) | Temp. °C | pH | TDS (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bosken | 492819 | 4011595 | 501 | 94 | 380 | 21 | 7.6 | 247 |
2 | saidawa | 491491 | 4011704 | 563 | 130 | 620 | 21 | 7.4 | 403 |
3 | Hartal | 470555 | 4024921 | 1255 | 102 | 310 | 13 | 8.5 | 202 |
4 | Sarwchawa | 478114 | 4014519 | 586 | 100 | 580 | 17 | 7.5 | 377 |
5 | awazhe | 514478 | 3986624 | 1179 | 95 | 520 | 16 | 7.9 | 338 |
6 | Nolichka | 511480 | 3989031 | 937 | 63 | 370 | 18 | 8.1 | 241 |
7 | Yoliana | 483853 | 4007714 | 549 | 85 | 350 | 16 | 7.8 | 228 |
8 | Sarbasti Quarter | 483804 | 4007117 | 557 | 92 | 350 | 15 | 7.8 | 228 |
9 | Rizgari Quarter | 484297 | 4006723 | 550 | 88 | 350 | 15 | 7.8 | 228 |
10 | For Collective | 484834 | 4007381 | 556 | 90 | 360 | 17 | 7.7 | 234 |
11 | Girdaspian | 510816 | 4004613 | 672 | 155 | 279 | 19 | 8.4 | 181 |
12 | khirajo | 500642 | 4008443 | 524 | 116 | 378 | 18 | 8.5 | 246 |
13 | sultanadei taza | 503697 | 4008416 | 545 | 103 | 279 | 18 | 8.6 | 181 |
14 | Qalaway New | 503690 | 4013512 | 607 | 125 | 225 | 19 | 8.8 | 146 |
15 | Bastaseny Khwaroo | 503424 | 4011839 | 578 | 105 | 248 | 17 | 8.6 | 161 |
16 | Kanjaray New village | 502202 | 4010943 | 564 | 130 | 237 | 16 | 8.4 | 154 |
17 | Banwaqal | 497550 | 4010438 | 549 | 85 | 284 | 20 | 8.5 | 185 |
18 | zorkani khwaroo | 522819 | 4014921 | 637 | 111 | 269 | 17 | 8.6 | 175 |
19 | Qadirawa | 501068 | 4014722 | 617 | 130 | 299 | 17 | 8.5 | 194 |
20 | haji awa | 481268 | 4008715 | 566 | 120 | 440 | 17 | 7.7 | 286 |
21 | Hanarok | 514012 | 4003962 | 720 | 120 | 465 | 19 | 8.3 | 302 |
22 | binawshan | 509246 | 4001922 | 602 | 164 | 367 | 19 | 8.3 | 239 |
23 | Sedallan | 507569 | 4014372 | 628 | 150 | 416 | 20 | 8.1 | 270 |
24 | karsonan | 505069 | 4007123 | 543 | 119 | 260 | 17 | 8.6 | 169 |
25 | Dolla Bfra | 504867 | 4009490 | 553 | 120 | 312 | 17 | 8.4 | 203 |
26 | Zharawa collective | 506231 | 4008932 | 559 | 45 | 265 | 17 | 8.5 | 172 |
27 | Kawibabasan | 508161 | 4009222 | 575 | 145 | 285 | 19 | 8.5 | 185 |
28 | Tagaran | 547775 | 3948290 | 894 | 129 | 1960 | 17 | 9 | 1274 |
29 | Kele | 541286 | 3962029 | 833 | 180 | 230 | 19 | 7.5 | 150 |
30 | Chokhmakh | 527503 | 3962832 | 1054 | 154 | 599 | 30 | 7 | 389 |
31 | Shewashan | 485615 | 3992677 | 630 | 117 | 350 | 22 | 7.7 | 228 |
32 | kani watman | 479968 | 3993488 | 871 | 153 | 361 | 16 | 8.1 | 235 |
33 | kwna mare | 505221 | 3986108 | 586 | 99 | 283 | 18 | 7.6 | 184 |
34 | Merzarostami Gawra | 493836 | 3989437 | 531 | 162 | 334 | 20 | 8.6 | 217 |
35 | Kani bnaw | 492351 | 3986961 | 685 | 151 | 537 | 18 | 8.28 | 349 |
36 | Nuraden | 514021 | 3998667 | 553 | 107 | 454 | 19 | 8.4 | 295 |
37 | Palkarash | 478870 | 3947771 | 674 | 150 | 2000 | 21 | 8.3 | 1300 |
38 | Gazalan | 482058 | 3947557 | 636 | 90 | 2150 | 23 | 8.2 | 1398 |
39 | sadun awa | 494714 | 3925980 | 621 | 38 | 234 | 23 | 8.5 | 152 |
40 | Kani Shaitan | 500018 | 3945710 | 901 | 96 | 590 | 22 | 7.9 | 384 |
41 | Chalaw | 477100 | 3941102 | 697 | 100 | 1420 | 22 | 8.4 | 923 |
42 | Sofi Hassan | 511080 | 3926397 | 848 | 92 | 450 | 22 | 7.8 | 293 |
43 | Zhallay Darband | 512901 | 3924145 | 750 | 82 | 840 | 22 | 7.7 | 546 |
44 | Kani shaitan | 500819 | 3944918 | 884 | 80 | 410 | 17 | 8.3 | 267 |
45 | Kani shaitan | 501257 | 3944696 | 873 | 80 | 490 | 17 | 8.4 | 319 |
46 | Bani maqan | 501125 | 3944744 | 877 | 200 | 320 | 17 | 8.4 | 208 |
47 | Banimaqan | 479218 | 3928952 | 870 | 110 | 470 | 15 | 8.6 | 306 |
48 | Qalaga | 482100 | 3928926 | 875 | 65 | 134 | 20 | 8.8 | 87 |
49 | Sewsenan | 534547 | 3895245 | 992 | 300 | 177 | 20 | 7.4 | 115 |
50 | Garazil | 545864 | 3898366 | 1000 | 28 | 590 | 19 | 7.5 | 384 |
51 | Tangisar | 531698 | 3916913 | 938 | 108 | 380 | 20 | 7.9 | 247 |
52 | Tatan | 526853 | 3921515 | 912 | 80 | 305 | 17 | 8.8 | 198 |
53 | Masydar | 583659 | 3957601 | 1206 | 87 | 329 | 16 | 9 | 214 |
54 | Kanisef | 592707 | 3958965 | 1248 | 40 | 458 | 16 | 7.5 | 298 |
55 | Kanimasian | 579488 | 3946254 | 1322 | 133 | 400 | 19 | 7.5 | 260 |
56 | Sarkan | 582093 | 3946353 | 1260 | 150 | 444 | 17 | 7 | 289 |
57 | Kura mewy saroo | 575665 | 3941050 | 1238 | 23 | 447 | 13 | 7 | 291 |
58 | Kani merani Komary | 585024 | 3935339 | 1249 | 54 | 485 | 16 | 7.8 | 315 |
59 | Keloo | 578390 | 3953483 | 1290 | 65 | 463 | 16 | 8.4 | 301 |
60 | Nizara | 586038 | 3946372 | 1290 | 60 | 511 | 14 | 8.2 | 332 |
61 | Gokhlan | 587028 | 3949089 | 1279 | 63 | 530 | 19 | 8.4 | 345 |
62 | Uch tapan | 598197 | 3952425 | 1280 | 70 | 472 | 20 | 8.4 | 307 |
63 | Nawgirdan | 580542 | 3915229 | 542 | 125 | 448 | 19 | 8.6 | 291 |
64 | Said sadiq center | 581926 | 3909386 | 518 | 110 | 602 | 21 | 8.3 | 391 |
65 | Sara Quarter/Said sadiq | 577757 | 3912741 | 515 | 100 | 555 | 20 | 8.4 | 361 |
66 | Hassar Project | 577930 | 3912496 | 524 | 40 | 496 | 20 | 8.5 | 322 |
67 | Haji Qadr | 579461 | 3912596 | 528 | 68 | 531 | 21 | 8.6 | 345 |
68 | Hassar Water Project | 580321 | 3912476 | 520 | 80 | 552 | 21 | 8.6 | 359 |
69 | Moryas | 579245 | 3912385 | 524 | 88 | 445 | 20 | 9.3 | 289 |
70 | Mayawa | 565778 | 3925360 | 1071 | 107 | 790 | 24 | 8.1 | 514 |
71 | Geldara | 559294 | 3926455 | 1236 | 92 | 473 | 18 | 8.8 | 307 |
72 | Kazhaw | 560580 | 3932330 | 1226 | 84 | 600 | 27 | 8.4 | 390 |
73 | Tapi karam | 557295 | 3933568 | 1128 | 120 | 429 | 24 | 8.7 | 279 |
74 | Qalijo | 568567 | 3910902 | 507 | 152 | 518 | 21 | 8.7 | 337 |
75 | Bard Bard | 564676 | 3914456 | 550 | 300 | 1140 | 31 | 8.3 | 741 |
76 | Sarawy Khwaroo | 572066 | 3927602 | 836 | 167 | 544 | 22 | 8.4 | 354 |
77 | Greza village | 574837 | 3914244 | 512 | 90 | 350 | 21 | 8.1 | 228 |
78 | Sherabara Village | 566765 | 3917246 | 613 | 120 | 601 | 22 | 8.6 | 391 |
79 | Qawela Village/3 | 567313 | 3920629 | 742 | 265 | 2730 | 24 | 6.8 | 1775 |
80 | Qawela | 571488 | 3925050 | 837 | 183 | 613 | 23 | 8.8 | 398 |
81 | Mirmam | 571620 | 3926245 | 774 | 199 | 454 | 21 | 9.4 | 295 |
82 | Hozy Khwaja | 570526 | 3927690 | 799 | 260 | 445 | 23 | 8.8 | 289 |
83 | Mizgawta | 574270 | 3926586 | 750 | 88 | 483 | 22 | 8.7 | 314 |
84 | Kani Pankai Khwaroo | 578970 | 3920647 | 617 | 95 | 465 | 19 | 8.9 | 302 |
85 | Qumashy Saroo | 564686 | 3915211 | 552 | 83 | 739 | 20 | 8.6 | 480 |
86 | Barda Rash | 571627 | 3913618 | 498 | 132 | 436 | 24 | 8.9 | 283 |
87 | Wandarena | 573438 | 3920197 | 645 | 110 | 708 | 21 | 8 | 460 |
88 | Shoke | 561237 | 3937364 | 1320 | 55 | 678 | 17 | 8.2 | 441 |
89 | Barzinja | 559097 | 3936440 | 1202 | 151 | 650 | 22 | 7.3 | 423 |
90 | Barzinja | 562508 | 3934493 | 1307 | 115 | 650 | 21 | 7.3 | 423 |
91 | Gelara | 563283 | 3933352 | 1308 | 100 | 500 | 22 | 7.3 | 325 |
92 | Kani Panka | 560518 | 3932550 | 1279 | 90.5 | 480 | 24 | 8.7 | 312 |
93 | Kani Spika | 565734 | 3914671 | 542 | 133 | 515 | 22 | 8.5 | 335 |
94 | Kani Spekae | 572643 | 3917416 | 563 | 75 | 556 | 22 | 9.3 | 361 |
95 | Kani Speka | 571821 | 3916995 | 562 | 55 | 500 | 22 | 7.3 | 325 |
96 | Sarawy saro | 571962 | 3917302 | 570 | 63 | 673 | 23 | 8.5 | 437 |
97 | Be rashka | 575575 | 3915205 | 513 | 52.6 | 485 | 19 | 8.5 | 315 |
98 | Auch quba village | 580698 | 3908617 | 502 | 115 | 382 | 23 | 8.1 | 248 |
99 | Shanadary Kon | 583202 | 3922138 | 616 | 127 | 630 | 21 | 7.7 | 410 |
100 | Warmawa | 581302 | 3919741 | 583 | 120 | 413 | 21 | 7 | 268 |
101 | Warmawa | 561452 | 3907065 | 587 | 133 | 448 | 21 | 7.2 | 291 |
102 | Jollana | 561420 | 3907764 | 560 | 116.7 | 424 | 19 | 7.5 | 276 |
103 | Daq | 554720 | 3905994 | 674 | 146 | 510 | 20 | 7.1 | 332 |
104 | Cham w Zhala | 568733 | 3901292 | 667 | 60 | 322 | 21 | 7.9 | 209 |
105 | Awakala | 561888 | 3900517 | 705 | 68 | 560 | 19 | 7.7 | 364 |
106 | Yakhshee khwaro | 550792 | 3904199 | 890 | 31 | 562 | 19 | 7.8 | 365 |
107 | Ashtokan | 564619 | 3907908 | 545 | 72 | 3290 | 24 | 8.8 | 2139 |
108 | Jabara | 494074 | 3827861 | 149 | 100 | 1270 | 25 | 8.9 | 826 |
109 | Khidran | 479803 | 3998683 | 552 | 127 | 387 | 19 | 8.4 | 252 |
110 | Warmin | 572771 | 3884546 | 415 | 42 | 550 | 19 | 7.4 | 358 |
111 | Saedawa | 519335 | 3840306 | 305 | 86 | 500 | 15 | 7.6 | 325 |
112 | Saeeda | 517150 | 3837429 | 293 | 120 | 620 | 23 | 8.8 | 403 |
113 | Fatah homar | 503774 | 3848391 | 348 | 120 | 570 | 23 | 9.4 | 371 |
114 | Bakrashal | 502589 | 3847738 | 345 | 197 | 630 | 25 | 9.1 | 410 |
115 | Homar bli gawra | 499503 | 3849244 | 336 | 100 | 820 | 27 | 8.6 | 533 |
116 | Chanakhchian | 561631 | 3917366 | 645 | 129 | 351 | 22 | 8.9 | 228 |
117 | Kullajoi Hama jan | 512916 | 3856680 | 513 | 108 | 517 | 25 | 8 | 336 |
118 | Zangi Gawra | 537252 | 3860126 | 561 | 147 | 537 | 24 | 7.4 | 349 |
119 | Zerinjo Khwaro | 562798 | 3913032 | 549 | 111.3 | 787 | 29 | 7.5 | 512 |
Appendix D
SN | Well Name | X | Y | Z | Well Depth (m) | EC (μS/cm) | Temp. °C | pH | TDS (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Avrik | 332933 | 4078301 | 862 | 180 | 862 | 21 | 7.5 | 560 |
2 | Ekmale | 326002 | 4085892 | 730 | 184 | 864 | 21 | 7.7 | 562 |
3 | Gre Qesrok | 323283 | 4084514 | 673 | 107 | 857 | 19 | 7.8 | 557 |
4 | Etot | 327324 | 4080718 | 580 | 191 | 785 | 18 | 7.7 | 510 |
5 | Bade | 329095 | 4086427 | 8190 | 302 | 835 | 23 | 8 | 543 |
6 | Banye | 341132 | 4087887 | 850 | 210 | 783 | 21 | 7.6 | 509 |
7 | Duhok | 325430 | 4086000 | 591 | 131 | 1200 | 22 | 7.3 | 780 |
8 | Bagerat | 336632 | 4090235 | 8310 | 150 | 745 | 23 | 7.7 | 484 |
9 | Botya | 323524 | 4089547 | 763 | 160 | 1300 | 21 | 7.5 | 845 |
10 | Berebhar | 330449 | 4083264 | 742 | 153 | 755 | 20 | 7.4 | 491 |
11 | Malta Saro | 316261 | 4081602 | 512 | 153 | 680 | 20 | 7.8 | 442 |
12 | Malta Khwaro | 316028 | 4080686 | 492 | 200 | 1100 | 23 | 7.5 | 715 |
13 | Zawite | 335164 | 4088211 | 790 | 134 | 845 | 21 | 7.2 | 549 |
14 | Sindor | 326803 | 4085922 | 7280 | 203 | 768 | 20 | 7.6 | 499 |
15 | Shakhke | 319249 | 4083645 | 671 | 220 | 700 | 21 | 7.8 | 455 |
16 | linava | 319127 | 4089788 | 6720 | 194 | 687 | 21 | 7.5 | 447 |
17 | Duhok | 317032 | 4080858 | 498 | 186 | 600 | 21 | 7.2 | 390 |
18 | Shakhke | 319426 | 4083407 | 6750 | 200 | 625 | 21 | 7.5 | 406 |
19 | Zirka | 315728 | 4084302 | 599 | 180 | 620 | 21 | 7.3 | 403 |
20 | Warmele | 336886 | 4115352 | 1169 | 67 | 860 | 21 | 7.9 | 559 |
21 | Gjabara | 322976 | 4081776 | 656 | 232 | 451 | 21 | 7.9 | 293 |
22 | Nizarke/10 | 327177 | 4078190 | 700 | 150 | 545 | 20 | 7.5 | 354 |
23 | Bakoze | 313436 | 4089081 | 757 | 141 | 2400 | 22 | 7.2 | 1560 |
24 | Baroshke | 324248 | 4080204 | 584 | 140 | 780 | 17 | 7.9 | 507 |
25 | Gaverke | 316818 | 4080277 | 492 | 200 | 550 | 18 | 7.5 | 358 |
26 | Qarqarava | 324757 | 4086611 | 705 | 155 | 1500 | 23 | 8.1 | 975 |
27 | Segirka | 322038 | 4079194 | 625 | 240 | 682 | 18 | 7.3 | 443 |
28 | Nezarke | 323178 | 4078768 | 665 | 152 | 700 | 19 | 7.6 | 455 |
29 | Bagera Khwaro | 336388 | 4090200 | 802 | 106 | 600 | 21 | 7.6 | 390 |
30 | Eminke | 329887 | 4081165 | 859 | 174 | 750 | 21 | 7.3 | 488 |
31 | Koret Gavana | 335110 | 4088056 | 818 | 165 | 585 | 18 | 7.6 | 380 |
32 | Berebuhar | 330356 | 4083178 | 712 | 172 | 790 | 18 | 7.8 | 514 |
33 | Khrabiya | 340713 | 4090371 | 921 | 112 | 500 | 18 | 7.8 | 325 |
34 | Ronahi | 323086 | 4078936 | 674 | 220 | 520 | 14 | 7.9 | 338 |
35 | Serhildan | 325542 | 4081164 | 757 | 260 | 562 | 16 | 7.4 | 365 |
36 | Zari land | 317834 | 4082918 | 569 | 200 | 1410 | 18 | 7.9 | 917 |
37 | Shakhki | 319424 | 4083645 | 686 | 190 | 490 | 15 | 7.7 | 319 |
38 | Shindokha | 318237 | 4092506 | 571 | 90 | 650 | 19 | 7.4 | 423 |
39 | Mezringan | 408599 | 4073901 | 839 | 71 | 500 | 22 | 7.4 | 325 |
40 | Nihawe | 321642 | 4081097 | 547 | 124 | 672 | 23 | 7.5 | 437 |
41 | Gondik | 392620 | 4072732 | 736 | 89 | 785 | 23 | 7.4 | 510 |
42 | Jem Sine | 387615 | 4077588 | 594 | 180 | 783 | 23 | 7.4 | 509 |
43 | Tobzawe | 388907 | 4047021 | 457 | 146 | 585 | 21 | 7.2 | 380 |
44 | Drin Khaje | 398058 | 4059939 | 557 | 126 | 524 | 23 | 7.3 | 341 |
45 | Shoshe | 388592 | 4072203 | 759 | 195 | 496 | 23 | 7.3 | 322 |
46 | Meroke | 422094 | 4068676 | 798 | 115 | 569 | 23 | 7.3 | 370 |
47 | Serderava | 348867 | 4098992 | 1099 | 232 | 738 | 19 | 7.4 | 480 |
48 | Miska | 348098 | 4115084 | 979 | 188 | 650 | 19 | 8 | 423 |
49 | Syretika | 342060 | 4098101 | 1141 | 225 | 580 | 20 | 7.6 | 377 |
50 | Barashe | 348006 | 4094969 | 1228 | 136 | 700 | 20 | 8 | 455 |
51 | Bibava | 347129 | 4100414 | 811 | 150 | 550 | 19 | 7.4 | 358 |
52 | Dihe | 338122 | 4111800 | 980 | 130 | 580 | 19 | 7.4 | 377 |
53 | Dokare | 332058 | 4112710 | 720 | 200 | 980 | 20 | 7.5 | 637 |
54 | Bamerne | 345738 | 4109899 | 1139 | 130 | 540 | 18 | 7.4 | 351 |
55 | Shrty | 343173 | 4108183 | 1009 | 200 | 965 | 19 | 7.6 | 627 |
56 | Teni | 343807 | 4106965 | 1017 | 166 | 970 | 19 | 8 | 631 |
57 | Dokary | 332058 | 4112710 | 720 | 200 | 980 | 18 | 7.9 | 637 |
58 | Zewa shikh pirmos | 340849 | 4110891 | 1196 | 128 | 520 | 19 | 7.6 | 338 |
59 | Hloora | 381168 | 4101451 | 625 | 158 | 850 | 19 | 7.6 | 553 |
60 | Kanya mala | 366482 | 4107925 | 1205 | 100 | 437 | 15 | 7.7 | 284 |
61 | Khlbish | 340747 | 4107188 | 853 | 135 | 500 | 16 | 8 | 325 |
62 | Qadish | 357073 | 4108234 | 1233 | 100 | 485 | 16 | 7.2 | 315 |
63 | Kerbraski | 340985 | 4100222 | 828 | 170 | 600 | 19 | 7.9 | 390 |
64 | Hdene | 353749 | 4123526 | 1514 | 112 | 460 | 22 | 7.7 | 299 |
65 | Pase | 332028 | 4113791 | 7175 | 174 | 510 | 19 | 7.5 | 332 |
66 | Ekmale | 361241 | 4114833 | 1161 | 102 | 2015 | 20 | 7.9 | 1310 |
67 | Bilminde | 381566 | 4079678 | 512 | 145 | 549 | 21 | 7.6 | 357 |
68 | Jimbilke | 348070 | 4115396 | 954 | 120 | 1300 | 20 | 7.2 | 845 |
69 | Baretin | 346145 | 4076550 | 640 | 157 | 732 | 22 | 7.5 | 476 |
70 | Dize | 343544 | 4079892 | 637 | 195 | 784 | 24 | 7.5 | 510 |
71 | Mersida | 366533 | 4076234 | 656 | 144 | 748 | 23 | 7.2 | 486 |
72 | Shkeft hindiyan | 349332 | 4072117 | 750 | 130 | 618 | 22 | 7.6 | 402 |
73 | Shlya | 356012 | 4080442 | 873 | 150 | 930 | 22 | 7.7 | 605 |
74 | Shehiya | 353080 | 4075300 | 528 | 180 | 645 | 21 | 7.6 | 419 |
75 | Der khidre | 354326 | 4075470 | 564 | 205 | 655 | 21 | 7.4 | 426 |
76 | Mkirs | 351824 | 4075092 | 544 | 170 | 930 | 22 | 7.7 | 605 |
77 | Baratin | 345076 | 4076563 | 624 | 90 | 658 | 21 | 7.2 | 428 |
78 | Avriva | 355110 | 4068857 | 570 | 167 | 543 | 22 | 7.9 | 353 |
79 | Khinis | 358591 | 4069166 | 461 | 91 | 548 | 23 | 7.5 | 356 |
80 | Geli roman | 343896 | 4078297 | 772 | 162 | 540 | 18 | 7.6 | 351 |
81 | Migara | 352123 | 4071416 | 778 | 134 | 657 | 20 | 7.9 | 427 |
82 | Badinava | 356927 | 4075417 | 568 | 230 | 552 | 20 | 7.8 | 359 |
83 | Mam yezdin | 343619 | 4072331 | 760 | 146 | 745 | 23 | 7.8 | 484 |
84 | Ba’adre | 344241 | 4067121 | 549 | 94 | 758 | 21 | 7.7 | 493 |
85 | Basewa | 334650 | 407379 | 650 | 177 | 650 | 24 | 7.7 | 423 |
86 | Jeman | 337429 | 4076432 | 783 | 70 | 689 | 22 | 7.5 | 448 |
87 | Brifka | 341464 | 4075308 | 1010 | 86 | 765 | 22 | 7.7 | 497 |
88 | Shekh Hesen | 339922 | 4073189 | 755 | 178 | 602 | 24 | 7.1 | 391 |
89 | Ba’adre | 344234 | 4064329 | 465 | 200 | 520 | 20 | 7.2 | 338 |
90 | Esyan | 347180 | 4065072 | 548 | 86 | 397 | 21 | 7.5 | 258 |
91 | Beroshka Sa’adon | 328933 | 4103109 | 999 | 194 | 600 | 22 | 7.4 | 390 |
92 | Beshinke | 324021 | 4094686 | 747 | 176 | 925 | 18 | 7.5 | 601 |
93 | Mangesh | 330420 | 4099214 | 1002 | 180 | 600 | 21 | 7.8 | 390 |
94 | Majilmakht | 337016 | 4097365 | 1035 | 95 | 700 | 23 | 7.5 | 455 |
95 | Besifke alsufla | 331784 | 4095148 | 885 | 161 | 510 | 18 | 7.3 | 332 |
96 | Besifke | 331016 | 4095108 | 880 | 115 | 548 | 18 | 7.3 | 356 |
97 | Kamaka | 329540 | 4092271 | 834 | 198 | 1300 | 21 | 7.3 | 845 |
98 | Ekmala khabor | 319632 | 4104534 | 824 | 175 | 600 | 29 | 7.5 | 390 |
99 | Alkish | 339549 | 4097669 | 1040 | 86 | 879 | 23 | 7.9 | 571 |
100 | Zeka abu | 321969 | 4100997 | 825 | 150 | 898 | 22 | 7.9 | 584 |
101 | Dilya | 315739 | 40959446 | 895 | 148 | 550 | 18 | 7.4 | 358 |
102 | Shawreke | 320859 | 4097417 | 682 | 169 | 380 | 26 | 7.8 | 247 |
103 | Gre pete | 327983 | 4096002 | 794 | 116 | 410 | 21 | 7.8 | 267 |
104 | Gond kose | 317281 | 4107436 | 558 | 124 | 786 | 21 | 7.3 | 511 |
105 | Kovle | 334505 | 4101971 | 897 | 184 | 500 | 20 | 7.4 | 325 |
106 | Rostinke | 344994 | 4098613 | 990 | 182 | 765 | 22 | 7.3 | 497 |
107 | Navishke | 319951 | 4103261 | 899 | 196 | 480 | 16 | 7.4 | 312 |
108 | Ozmana | 317377 | 4103967 | 772 | 180 | 472 | 16 | 7.6 | 307 |
109 | Koreme | 332693 | 4104079 | 1032 | 125 | 450 | 17 | 7.9 | 293 |
110 | Milhimban | 325857 | 4099653 | 904 | 198 | 448 | 15 | 7.4 | 291 |
111 | Alindke | 317491 | 4098277 | 704 | 157 | 590 | 17 | 7.8 | 384 |
112 | Derke | 334586 | 4093466 | 942 | 150 | 573 | 17 | 7.6 | 372 |
113 | Grepte | 328113 | 4095997 | 824 | 182 | 420 | 15 | 7.7 | 273 |
114 | Zinava | 309400 | 4099865 | 826 | 130 | 832 | 16 | 7.8 | 541 |
115 | Ashanke | 313466 | 4102931 | 633 | 201 | 520 | 18 | 7.4 | 338 |
116 | Dergijnik | 328190 | 4096028 | 834 | 198 | 555 | 19 | 7.4 | 361 |
117 | Kerble | 325584 | 4095738 | 719 | 105 | 620 | 21 | 7.5 | 403 |
118 | Qesrok | 364315 | 4352009 | 432 | 200 | 539 | 22 | 7.8 | 350 |
119 | Mitka Seri | 370774 | 4072489 | 489 | 140 | 465 | 23 | 7.6 | 302 |
120 | Selke | 361728 | 4067073 | 443 | 162 | 560 | 22 | 7.4 | 364 |
121 | Baviyan | 357519 | 4066265 | 432 | 173 | 529 | 21 | 7.6 | 344 |
122 | Mitka alsufli | 370535 | 4072636 | 485 | 73 | 612 | 20 | 7.3 | 398 |
123 | Piran | 363081 | 4059678 | 404 | 169 | 520 | 21 | 7.5 | 338 |
124 | Hinjirok | 356781 | 4046063 | 484 | 182 | 366 | 21 | 8 | 238 |
125 | Mam Reshan | 359131 | 4058926 | 398 | 180 | 459 | 23 | 8.1 | 298 |
126 | Shekhan | 352873 | 4063659 | 554 | 120 | 452 | 21 | 7.9 | 294 |
127 | Doshivan | 348219 | 4058619 | 408 | 190 | 570 | 21 | 7.5 | 371 |
128 | Almeman | 344915 | 4058922 | 412 | 180 | 598 | 22 | 7.5 | 389 |
129 | Shiv shrin | 346445 | 4057335 | 395 | 190 | 570 | 22 | 7.6 | 371 |
130 | Said Zari | 303956 | 4081666 | 439 | 200 | 822 | 21 | 7.5 | 534 |
131 | Sertank | 311095 | 4081010 | 482 | 155 | 700 | 19 | 7.3 | 455 |
132 | Sumail | 308642 | 4081337 | 464 | 200 | 1020 | 20 | 7.3 | 663 |
133 | Sershor | 303855 | 4080492 | 483 | 220 | 650 | 17 | 7.8 | 423 |
134 | Sertank | 310616 | 4081046 | 475 | 180 | 600 | 19 | 7.3 | 390 |
135 | Domize | 311857 | 4072838 | 420 | 200 | 670 | 20 | 7.7 | 436 |
136 | Khorshinia | 317072 | 4072797 | 479 | 130 | 450 | 19 | 7.4 | 293 |
137 | Qasreen | 322750 | 4088132 | 520 | 190 | 750 | 19 | 7.9 | 488 |
138 | Sharya | 319509 | 4071272 | 469 | 190 | 650 | 20 | 7.2 | 423 |
139 | Sharia | 319509 | 4071272 | 469 | 190 | 620 | 20 | 7.2 | 403 |
140 | Sharya complex | 324681 | 4068938 | 588 | 151 | 710 | 19 | 7.2 | 462 |
141 | Upper Deleb | 313919 | 4080894 | 507 | 192 | 600 | 18 | 7.6 | 390 |
142 | Bakhtme | 311877 | 4073095 | 426 | 204 | 935 | 20 | 7.7 | 608 |
143 | Domiz | 311857 | 4072838 | 420 | 200 | 1000 | 20 | 7.7 | 650 |
144 | Bakhetme | 311877 | 4073095 | 426 | 204 | 935 | 20 | 7.7 | 608 |
145 | Dostka | 328516 | 4073408 | 560 | 70 | 746 | 20 | 7.6 | 485 |
146 | Rezgari complex | 312107 | 4072823 | 422 | 134 | 746 | 16 | 7.6 | 485 |
147 | Qsreen | 321431 | 4065377 | 540 | 232 | 487 | 18 | 7.4 | 317 |
148 | Sharya | 319846 | 4071251 | 485 | 170 | 1085 | 21 | 7.9 | 705 |
149 | Shekh Khedre | 323702 | 4075661 | 605 | 200 | 518 | 18 | 7.5 | 337 |
150 | Uppe deleb | 313919 | 4080894 | 507 | 192 | 220 | 18 | 7.8 | 143 |
151 | Meserik | 305001 | 4082573 | 452 | 162 | 800 | 19 | 7.9 | 520 |
152 | Ivzorok Shane | 278649 | 4100051 | 446 | 170 | 455 | 20 | 7.6 | 296 |
153 | Batel | 293169 | 4093222 | 502 | 195 | 750 | 22 | 8 | 488 |
154 | Khrabdem complex | 287050 | 4092307 | 391 | 180 | 650 | 17 | 7.6 | 423 |
155 | Kilke | 282263 | 44099441 | 451 | 178 | 490 | 21 | 7.6 | 319 |
156 | Sershor | 302376 | 4088065 | 482 | 158 | 766 | 18 | 7.8 | 498 |
157 | Ave zerik miri | 290289 | 4093611 | 500 | 180 | 450 | 23 | 7.6 | 293 |
158 | ALasy | 295729 | 4099390 | 655 | 126 | 600 | 21 | 7.4 | 390 |
159 | Pebzne | 278050 | 4104759 | 561 | 203 | 780 | 22 | 7.4 | 507 |
160 | Aloka | 315966 | 4078631 | 543 | 153 | 620 | 19 | 7.6 | 403 |
161 | Sumail | 309339 | 4081170 | 463 | 190 | 755 | 21 | 7.4 | 491 |
162 | Sitke | 325368 | 4070241 | 464 | 184 | 635 | 23 | 7.7 | 413 |
163 | Meserik | 306104 | 4081504 | 454 | 200 | 740 | 22 | 7.3 | 481 |
164 | Avzorok Mere | 290287 | 4093611 | 500 | 180 | 450 | 24 | 7.6 | 293 |
165 | Bakhetme | 309607 | 4075254 | 357 | 200 | 745 | 23 | 7.5 | 484 |
166 | Kilke | 282813 | 4099445 | 467 | 178 | 430 | 22 | 8.3 | 280 |
167 | Hajeya | 293067 | 4099617 | 592 | 175 | 430 | 28 | 7.8 | 280 |
168 | Gre gawre | 304000 | 4082966 | 452 | 200 | 998 | 26 | 7.4 | 649 |
169 | Tanahi | 312500 | 4081614 | 483 | 200 | 530 | 24 | 7.5 | 345 |
170 | Qsara | 316054 | 4078975 | 543 | 200 | 802 | 24 | 7.4 | 521 |
171 | Kwashi | 303958 | 4096995 | 756 | 210 | 571 | 20 | 7.6 | 371 |
172 | Tenahi | 313130 | 4081411 | 501 | 198 | 414 | 22 | 7.5 | 269 |
173 | Qeshefre | 312110 | 4087446 | 670 | 143 | 586 | 22 | 7.5 | 381 |
174 | Tobzawe | 302558 | 4088235 | 486 | 180 | 822 | 23 | 7.2 | 534 |
175 | Selan Mamik | 384752 | 4074279 | 835 | 164 | 585 | 20 | 7.2 | 380 |
176 | Sercaf | 370214 | 4076013 | 604 | 210 | 483 | 21 | 7.3 | 314 |
177 | Basifre | 365416 | 4076433 | 647 | 194 | 595 | 21 | 7.7 | 387 |
178 | Shekhka | 360730 | 4069702 | 522 | 116 | 390 | 21 | 7.3 | 254 |
179 | Rkava | 340688 | 4073959 | 455 | 190 | 570 | 21 | 7.8 | 371 |
180 | Mam Yezdin | 342976 | 4072779 | 738 | 140 | 470 | 21 | 7.9 | 306 |
181 | Ba’adre | 344273 | 4066695 | 532 | 180 | 470 | 21 | 7.6 | 306 |
182 | Bakhirnif | 320421 | 4089908 | 676 | 135 | 900 | 21 | 6.7 | 585 |
183 | Zawite | 335164 | 4088211 | 785 | 165 | 840 | 21 | 7.2 | 546 |
184 | Memane | 329270 | 4089449 | 963 | 201 | 780 | 20 | 7.7 | 507 |
185 | Gelbok | 380339633 | 47090271 | 892 | 237 | 575 | 21 | 7.3 | 374 |
186 | Betase | 334477 | 4075080 | 659 | 84 | 545 | 20 | 7.3 | 354 |
187 | Jeman | 337061 | 4075691 | 746 | 130 | 1460 | 21 | 7.5 | 949 |
188 | Pishta Gre | 323350 | 4085115 | 683 | 129 | 510 | 21 | 6.3 | 332 |
189 | Bagera | 335314 | 4092774 | 545 | 200 | 480 | 21 | 7.3 | 312 |
190 | Rkava | 340592 | 4073943 | 766 | 163 | 540 | 20 | 6.8 | 351 |
191 | Mangesh | 330406 | 409923 | 993 | 210 | 675 | 21 | 7.5 | 439 |
192 | Tehlava | 332960 | 4109484 | 719 | 196 | 490 | 20 | 8.6 | 319 |
193 | Banka | 340243 | 4113227 | 1509 | 245 | 854 | 19 | 7.6 | 555 |
194 | Shrty | 341723 | 4108183 | 1009 | 200 | 770 | 20 | 7.8 | 501 |
195 | Berashe | 346381 | 4096204 | 1327 | 170 | 750 | 20 | 6.8 | 488 |
196 | Spindare | 349166 | 4094425 | 1177 | 86 | 790 | 20 | 7.7 | 514 |
197 | Siare | 357226 | 4092036 | 1043 | 72 | 545 | 20 | 8 | 354 |
198 | Tazika | 347020 | 4098568 | 999 | 92 | 320 | 20 | 7.1 | 208 |
199 | Rostinke | 343510 | 4098339 | 1138 | 290 | 648 | 20 | 7.8 | 421 |
200 | Kani golan | 367404 | 4108752 | 1382 | 223 | 582 | 19 | 7.5 | 378 |
201 | Metin | 341655 | 4112259 | 1595 | 242 | 893 | 19 | 7.6 | 580 |
202 | Sarke | 395247 | 4096108 | 598 | 110 | 759 | 19 | 7.5 | 493 |
203 | Migara | 347800 | 412885 | 1464 | 193 | 913 | 20 | 7.5 | 593 |
204 | Bircat | 360549 | 4081089 | 1045 | 250 | 1250 | 20 | 6.5 | 813 |
205 | Rkava | 340494 | 4073953 | 767 | 220 | 540 | 20 | 6.8 | 351 |
206 | Baadre | 317465 | 4079326 | 570 | 191 | 610 | 21 | 6.8 | 397 |
207 | Qesrok | 3643167 | 4352016 | 446 | 170 | 735 | 22 | 7.3 | 478 |
208 | Hasan Iva | 291494 | 4107300 | 703 | 168 | 660 | 23 | 6.5 | 429 |
209 | Hezel | 296303 | 4115226 | 465 | 160 | 400 | 22 | 6.9 | 260 |
Appendix E
SN | Well Name | X | Y | Z | Well Depth (m) | EC (μS/cm) | Temp. °C | pH | TDS (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bakhtiary | 592071 | 3892595 | 825 | 163 | 390 | 20 | 8.5 | 254 |
2 | Bawakochak | 588873 | 3890000 | 859 | 134 | 385 | 19 | 8.3 | 250 |
3 | Zamaqi | 588203 | 3894673 | 660 | 120 | 443 | 18 | 8.1 | 288 |
4 | Near to ababaile | 593610 | 3892759 | 943 | 109 | 519 | 20 | 8.5 | 337 |
5 | Jalila | 592722 | 3895712 | 756 | 100 | 348 | 22 | 8.7 | 226 |
6 | Anab—Jalila | 592572 | 3895984 | 765 | 97 | 365 | 22 | 8.3 | 237 |
7 | Kishadary | 586062 | 3907468 | 503 | 115 | 441 | 20 | 8.4 | 287 |
8 | Kani Too | 581276 | 3894130 | 652 | 130 | 304 | 21 | 6.5 | 198 |
9 | Belanga | 583882 | 3892091 | 695 | 61 | 527 | 23 | 8.3 | 343 |
10 | Miraelly | 580016 | 3890642 | 633 | 121 | 623 | 21 | 8 | 405 |
11 | Chrostana | 581313 | 3890799 | 644 | 185 | 1151 | 22 | 7.9 | 748 |
12 | Gunda Village | 582370 | 3890069 | 684 | 126 | 408 | 20 | 8.2 | 265 |
13 | Hana Zhalla Village | 582179 | 3888734 | 675 | 100 | 950 | 23 | 7.5 | 618 |
14 | Saraw Village | 584382 | 3889504 | 786 | 105 | 516 | 19 | 8 | 335 |
15 | Presy Saroo | 585853 | 3891312 | 809 | 95 | 432 | 19 | 8.1 | 281 |
16 | Byawella | 592426 | 3897181 | 734 | 100 | 382 | 22 | 9.1 | 248 |
17 | Anab-Byawella | 592117 | 3897069 | 729 | 89 | 384 | 22 | 8.5 | 250 |
18 | Khakukholl | 586980 | 3904073 | 519 | 129 | 484 | 21 | 7.6 | 315 |
19 | Basharaty Khwaroo | 586841 | 3902459 | 533 | 105 | 387 | 23 | 8.4 | 252 |
20 | Kagrdal | 583261 | 3900444 | 513 | 110 | 452 | 22 | 8.1 | 294 |
21 | Ghwlami khwaroo | 579248 | 3897246 | 510 | 99 | 596 | 24 | 8.1 | 387 |
22 | Imam zamin | 579938 | 3898233 | 511 | 120 | 439 | 24 | 8.2 | 285 |
23 | Sharazor Project-6 | 586483 | 3899015 | 562 | 128 | 420 | 22 | 8.3 | 273 |
24 | Khurmal | 594307 | 3907412 | 563 | 98 | 2540 | 29 | 8.4 | 1651 |
25 | Amwra | 591361 | 3912840 | 660 | 112 | 425 | 25 | 9.6 | 276 |
26 | Mirt soor | 590598 | 3914380 | 702 | 95 | 346 | 21 | 6.6 | 225 |
27 | Qulkhurd | 587237 | 3913052 | 526 | 74 | 742 | 22 | 9.3 | 482 |
28 | Mala waisa | 587657 | 3911858 | 531 | 63 | 570 | 22 | 9.3 | 371 |
29 | Aliawa | 585467 | 3913493 | 528 | 160 | 437 | 23 | 9.5 | 284 |
30 | Shashki khwaroo | 589662 | 3904454 | 558 | 72 | 360 | 21 | 8.3 | 234 |
31 | Rostum bag | 595651 | 3904943 | 632 | 84 | 351 | 24 | 8.2 | 228 |
32 | Gomalar | 592687 | 3903819 | 609 | 101 | 365 | 24 | 7.8 | 237 |
33 | De kon | 594328 | 3904138 | 627 | 100 | 362 | 21 | 7.5 | 235 |
34 | Zardahal | 598089 | 3899419 | 906 | 181 | 448 | 21 | 7.9 | 291 |
35 | Qainaja | 585183 | 3916320 | 543 | 165 | 520 | 20 | 7.3 | 338 |
36 | Tapy safa | 589053 | 3905505 | 550 | 129 | 514 | 24 | 8.3 | 334 |
37 | Dalamar | 591410 | 3892298 | 798 | 156 | 356 | 20 | 8.5 | 231 |
38 | Shakrally | 587155 | 3904786 | 521 | 164 | 468 | 22 | 8.7 | 304 |
Appendix F
SN | Spring Name | X | Y | Z | EC (μS/cm) | Temp (°C) | TDS Mg/L | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hiran Spring | 454550 | 4014850 | 925 | 536 | 24.5 | 348.4 | 7.5 |
2 | Kani Hanjeer Spring | 445441 | 4036667 | 744 | 525 | 24.3 | 341.3 | 7.6 |
3 | Sisawa Spring | 447906 | 4038217 | 861 | 536 | 24.2 | 348.4 | 7.6 |
4 | Amokan Spring | 435472 | 4053369 | 634 | 507.5 | 24.9 | 329.9 | 7.8 |
5 | Kani Chirgan Spring | 432855 | 4054601 | 556 | 644.5 | 24.6 | 418.9 | 7.8 |
6 | Kani Qura Bag Spring | 425821 | 4052478 | 407 | 469.5 | 24.7 | 305.2 | 7.9 |
7 | Graw Spring Spring | 426026 | 4043286 | 627 | 656 | 24.6 | 426.4 | 7.6 |
8 | Kani Khazal Spring | 429244 | 4049134 | 503 | 571 | 24.8 | 371.2 | 7.8 |
9 | Aspendara Spring | 450966 | 4023173 | 974 | 540 | 24.8 | 351.0 | 7.5 |
10 | Gomashin Spring | 513551 | 3940143 | 889 | 309 | 17.8 | 200.8 | 8.1 |
11 | Kanisarwchawa Spring | 501402 | 3950379 | 939 | 343 | 19.4 | 223.1 | 7.6 |
12 | Cholmak Spring | 503981 | 3939024 | 925 | 349 | 18 | 227.1 | 7.6 |
13 | Mortka Spring | 505940 | 3936511 | 935 | 335 | 16.7 | 218.0 | 7.7 |
14 | Zekan Spring | 510020 | 3934824 | 811 | 346 | 17.2 | 225.1 | 7.6 |
15 | Khaldan Spring | 510846 | 3936146 | 823 | 253 | 18.7 | 164.3 | 7.9 |
16 | Alibzaw Spring | 513125 | 3933774 | 826 | 293 | 18.5 | 190.6 | 7.8 |
17 | Qushqaya Spring | 519069 | 3935353 | 827 | 197 | 18.8 | 127.8 | 8.2 |
18 | Kani shaya Spring | 519303 | 3933194 | 783 | 250 | 19 | 162.2 | 7.7 |
19 | Warmziar Spring | 522429 | 3930660 | 805 | 406 | 19.6 | 263.6 | 7.6 |
20 | Barowi gawra Spring | 526007 | 3926479 | 937 | 463 | 17.6 | 301.1 | 7.7 |
21 | Darikali Spring | 523300 | 3924898 | 957 | 371 | 17.6 | 241.3 | 7.8 |
22 | Halai sarwchawa Spring | 518219 | 3932409 | 793 | 367 | 18.3 | 238.3 | 7.7 |
23 | Shekhmand Spring | 514267 | 3929614 | 815 | 351 | 26.5 | 228.2 | 8.1 |
24 | Gomatagach Spring | 514365 | 3933015 | 810 | 353 | 19 | 229.2 | 7.8 |
25 | Hanjeera Spring | 509826 | 3932541 | 890 | 365 | 16.6 | 237.3 | 7.8 |
26 | Aligoran Spring | 510422 | 3931134 | 989 | 510 | 20.5 | 331.6 | 8.1 |
27 | Delezha Spring | 517743 | 3923677 | 791 | 362 | 16.5 | 235.2 | 7.7 |
28 | Gurbaz Spring | 520783 | 3921370 | 803 | 413 | 21 | 268.7 | 7.8 |
29 | Azaban Spring | 571219 | 3898928 | 870 | 345.5 | 18 | 221.1 | 7.6 |
30 | Siyara Spring | 582344 | 3898235 | 602 | 459 | 20 | 293.8 | 7.4 |
31 | Birke Spring | 574532 | 3896998 | 835 | 704 | 17.6 | 450.6 | 7.5 |
32 | Qashti Spring | 565342 | 3893567 | 699 | 796.5 | 19 | 509.8 | 7.4 |
33 | Ahmed Brenda Spring | 575461 | 3881721 | 899 | 342.5 | 18.5 | 219.2 | 7.7 |
34 | Greater Zab River | 423363 | 4051506 | 368 | 388.5 | 22.2 | 252.5 | 8.1 |
35 | Lesser Zab River | 430190.4 | 3966505 | 302 | 362.5 | 22.7 | 235.6 | 8.2 |
36 | Sirwan River | 563919.9 | 3884792 | 367 | 374 | 22.9 | 243.1 | 8.2 |
37 | Tanjero River | 574854.6 | 3895831 | 457 | 361 | 22 | 235 | 8 |
Appendix G
Appendix H
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Age | Geological Unit | Lithological Description |
---|---|---|
Holocene | Recent alluvial deposits | Different sized clastics, mixture of clay, sand, and pebbles |
Pleistocene | River Terraces | Mixture of clay, sand, and pebbles |
Pliocene | Bai Hassan and Muqdadiya formation | Thick sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate |
Late Miocene | Injana formation | Red sandstone, siltstone, and intercalations of red clay and pebbly sandstone |
Middle Miocene | Fatha formation | Layers of red claystone, limestone, marl, and lenses of gypsum with some thin layers of siltstone |
Middle-Late Eocene | Pila Spi formation | Well-bedded, recrystallized limestone, dolomite, and marly limestone |
Early Eocene | Gercus formation | Red mudstone, sandstone, and shale, with rare conglomerates |
Paleocene | Kolosh and Khurmala formations | Mainly clastics: shale, limestone, marl, and mudstone with tongues of white limestone |
Late Cretaceous | Dokan, Gulneri, Komitan, Aqra, Bekhme, Shiranish, and Tanjero formations | Limestone, grey dolomite-containing bituminous limestone, blue-grey marl, and beds of marly limestone |
Early Cretaceous | Chiagara, Balambo, Sarmord, Garagu, and Qamchuqa formations | Dolostone, dolomitic limestone, some calcareous marl, and limited shale |
Late Jurassic | Naokelekan and Barsrin formations | Limestone, dolomitic limestone, shaley limestone, carboniferous shale, and bituminous dolomitic shales |
Middle Jurassic | Sargelu formation | Thin bedded shaley black limestone and shale with black chert and brown dolomitic marl, highly fossiliferous |
Early Jurassic | Sarki and Sehkanian formations | Dolomitic limestone with splintery fractures, which are generally bituminous and fossiliferous |
Late Triassic | Baluti, Kurrachina, Beduh, and Avroman formations | Alternations of shales, limestone, dolomites, and dolomitic limestone |
Late Permian | Chaizairi formation | Beds of shale, limestone, and some evaporates |
Ordovician | Khabourr formation | Thick sandstone-shale cyclic alternations |
Water Class | Gorrell (1958) | Altoviski (1962) | Drever (1997) | Hillel (2000) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh water | 0–1000 | 0–1000 | <1000 | <500 |
Slightly brackish water (Marginal) | --- | 1000–3000 | --- | 500–1000 |
Brackish water | 1000–10,000 | 3000–10,000 | 1000–20,000 | 1000–2000 |
Salty water | 10,000–100,000 | 10,000–100,000 | --- | --- |
Saline water | --- | --- | 35,000 | 5000–10,000 |
Highly Saline Water | --- | --- | --- | 10,000–35,000 |
Brine water | 100,000 | >100,000 | >35,000 | >35,000 |
Water Class | USDA (1954) | Mayer et al. (2005) |
---|---|---|
Low salinity water | 100 < EC < 250 | 550–1200 |
Medium salinity water | 250 < EC < 750 | 1200–2200 |
High salinity water | 750 < EC < 2250 | 2200–5000 |
Very high salinity water | 2250 < EC < 5000 | --- |
EC (µS/cm) | Water Class |
---|---|
<250 | Excellent |
250–750 | Good |
750–2000 | Permissible |
2000–3000 | Doubtful |
>3000 | Unsuitable |
Water Class | EC (µS/cm) | TDS (mg/L) |
---|---|---|
Non-saline | <700 | <500 |
Slightly-saline | 700–2000 | 500–1500 |
Moderately saline | 2000–10,000 | 1500–7000 |
Highly-saline | 10,000–25,000 | 7000–15,000 |
Very highly saline | 25,000–45,000 | 1500–35,000 |
Brine | >45,000 | >35,000 |
Water Quality | EC (µS/cm) | TDS (mg/L) |
---|---|---|
Excellent | 250 | 175 |
Good | 250–750 | 175–525 |
Permissible | 750–2000 | 525–1400 |
Doubtful | 2000–3000 | 1400–2100 |
Unsuitable | >3000 | >2100 |
Sample | Parameters | EC (μS/cm) | pH | TDS (mg/L) | Temperature °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wells Erbil City | Maximum | 5090 | 9.1 | 3309 | 31 |
Minimum | 286 | 6.5 | 186 | 17 | |
Mean | 643.9 | 7.7 | 419 | 23 | |
SD * | 560 | 0.5 | 365 | 1.9 | |
Wells Sulaymani City | Maximum | 3290 | 9.5 | 2139 | 31 |
Minimum | 134 | 6.8 | 87 | 13 | |
Mean | 563.2 | 8.2 | 366.1 | 20 | |
SD * | 447.5 | 0.6 | 290.8 | 3.4 | |
Wells Duhok City | Maximum | 2400 | 8.6 | 1560 | 29 |
Minimum | 220 | 6.3 | 143 | 14 | |
Mean | 687.5 | 7.5 | 446.9 | 20.4 | |
SD * | 256.6 | 0.3 | 166.8 | 2.2 | |
Wells Halabja City | Maximum | 2540 | 9.6 | 1651 | 29 |
Minimum | 304 | 6.5 | 198 | 18 | |
Mean | 530.3 | 8.3 | 344.7 | 21.9 | |
SD * | 373.4 | 0.7 | 242.7 | 2.1 | |
Spring Samples | Maximum | 796.5 | 8.2 | 509.8 | 26.5 |
Minimum | 196.6 | 7.4 | 128 | 16.5 | |
Mean | 432.4 | 7.7 | 280.3 | 20.4 | |
SD * | 138.3 | 0.2 | 88.9 | 3.1 | |
River Samples | Maximum | 388.5 | 8.2 | 252.5 | 22.9 |
Minimum | 361 | 8 | 234.7 | 22.2 | |
Mean | 371.5 | 8.2 | 241.5 | 22.5 | |
SD * | 12.7 | 0.1 | 8.3 | 0.3 |
EC (µS/cm) | Specifications | Remarks | Water Samples |
---|---|---|---|
<1500 | Excellent | This water has a relatively low level of salinity and should present no serious burden to any livestock or poultry | Erbil City 286–5090 (µS/cm) |
1500–5000 | Acceptable | This water should be satisfactory for all classes of livestock and poultry. It may cause temporary and mild diarrhea in livestock not accustomed to it or watery droppings in poultry (especially at the higher levels) but should not affect health or performance | Sulaymania City 134–3290 (µS/cm) |
5000–8000 | Acceptable for livestock, unacceptable for poultry | Causes temporary diarrhea in livestock and reduced growth and death in poultry | |
8000–11,000 | Limited for livestock, unacceptable for poultry | Avoid use for pregnant and lactating animals as levels increase Not acceptable water for poultry | Duhok City 220–2400 (µS/cm) |
11,000–16,000 | Limited | Not acceptable for animals | |
>16,000 | Not used | The risks posed by highly saline waters are so great that they cannot be recommended for use under any circumstances | Halabja City 304–2540 (µS/cm) |
Crop Divisions | Low TDS Endurance | Medium TDS Endurance | High TDS Endurance | Water Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit | <300 µS/cm Avocado, lemon, orange, apple strawberry, picot prune, plum | 300–400 µS/cm Olive, date, fig cantaloupe, pomegranate | 400–1000 µS/cm Palm | Erbil City 286–5090 (µS/cm) Sulaymania City 134–3290 (µS/cm) |
Vegetable | 300–400 µS/cm Green bean, celery, radish | 400–1000 µS/cm Cucumber, onion, peas carrot, potato, cauliflower lettuce, squash | 1000–12,000 µS/cm Spinach, kale, asparagus | Duhok City 220–2400 (µS/cm) |
Field crops | 400–600 µS/cm Field bean | 600–1000 µS/cm Sunflower, corn, rice, flax, castor bean, wheat | 1000–10,000 µS/cm Cotton, sugar beet, barley | Halabja City 304–2540 (µS/cm) |
TDS (mg/L) | Specifications | Water Samples TDS Range |
---|---|---|
500 | Used for irrigation; does not cause harmful effects | Erbil City 186–3309 mg/L |
500–1000 | Used for irrigation but causes harmful effects on crops sensitive to salinity | Sulaymania City 87–2139 mg/L |
1000–2000 | Causes harmful effects on crops, so use carefully | Duhok City 143–1560 mg/L |
2000–5000 | Used only for irrigating highly tolerant crops | Halabja City 198–1651 mg/L |
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Seeyan, S.; Adham, A.; Mahdi, K.; Ritsema, C. Water Quality, Availability, and Uses in Rural Communities in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Water 2021, 13, 2927. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202927
Seeyan S, Adham A, Mahdi K, Ritsema C. Water Quality, Availability, and Uses in Rural Communities in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Water. 2021; 13(20):2927. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202927
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeeyan, Shwan, Ammar Adham, Karrar Mahdi, and Coen Ritsema. 2021. "Water Quality, Availability, and Uses in Rural Communities in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq" Water 13, no. 20: 2927. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202927