Morphodynamics and Evolution of Estuarine Sandspits along the Bight of Benin Coast, West Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.1.1. The Volta River Mouth, Ghana
2.1.2. The “Bouche du Roi” Inlet, Benin
2.2. Satellite Image Analysis and Shoreline Detection
2.2.1. Landsat and Sentinel-2 Image Processing
2.2.2. Google Earth Image Processing
2.3. Sandspit Growth and Longshore Sediment Transport Estimation Model
2.4. Estimation of Depth of Closure and Berm Elevation
3. Results
3.1. The Case of the Volta River Mouth, Ghana
3.1.1. Morphological Timelines
3.1.2. Sandspit Growth Rates
3.1.3. Longshore Sediment Transport Rates
3.1.4. Impact of the ASDP on Sandspit Evolution
3.2. The Case of the Bouche du Roi Inlet, Benin
3.2.1. Morphological Timelines
3.2.2. Sandspit Growth Rates
3.2.3. Longshore Sediment Transport Rates
3.3. Relationship between Sandpsit Growth Rates and Spit Width
4. Discussion
4.1. LSTR Comparative Study
4.2. Impact of Dam and Coastal Management on Estuarine Morphology
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Satellite Missions | Volta River Mouth | Bouche du Roi Inlet |
---|---|---|
Landsat 5 (TM) | 7 | 14 |
Landsat 7 (EMT+) | 17 | 20 |
Landsat 8 (OLI) | 26 | 79 |
Sentinel-2 (MSI) | 80 | 163 |
Study Area | ||
---|---|---|
Volta River mouth [52] | 7.40 | 2.4 |
Bouche du Roi inlet | 6.03 | 1.92 |
Study Area | Location | LSTR (m3/year) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volta River mouth (Period 1) | Ghana | 674 | 342 | 1.29 × 106 |
Volta River mouth (Period 2) | 496 | 348 | 1.21 × 106 | |
Bouche du Roi inlet (Period 1) | Benin | 578 | 255 | 1.98 × 106 |
Bouche du Roi inlet (Period 2) | 626 | 145 | 7.81 × 105 | |
Bouche du Roi inlet (Period 4) | 889 | 115 | 7.34 × 105 | |
Badreveln spit | Sweden | 28 | 70 | 1.0 × 104 |
Fire Island Inlet | USA | 43 | 500 | 2.20 × 105 |
Sangomar spit | Senegal | 300 | 124 | 4.65 × 105 |
Ken inlet | Vietnam | 55 | 180 | 1.33 × 105 |
Ly Hoa inlet | 90 | 130 | 1.30 × 105 | |
Cua Loa inlet | 50 | 280 | 1.60 × 105 | |
An Du inlet | 140 | 70 | 1.70 × 105 | |
Phan inlet | 183 | 60 | 1.45 × 105 | |
Loc An inlet | 85 | 150 | 2.0 × 105 |
Study Area | ||
---|---|---|
(Satellite Images) | (Equation (15)) | |
Volta River mouth (Period 1) | 674 | 382 |
Volta River mouth (Period 2) | 496 | 358 |
Bouche du Roi inlet (Period 1) | 578 | 977 |
Bouche du Roi inlet (Period 2) | 626 | 677 |
Bouche du Roi inlet (Period 4) | 889 | 802 |
Study Area | LSTR (m3/year) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Africa | |||
Alexandria coast, Egypt | Frihy et al. [63] | Equation (4) | Frihy et al. [63] |
Macaneta spit, Mozambique | Palalane et al. [64] | Palalane et al. [64] | Viola et al. [65] |
Sangomar spit, Senegal | Dennis et al. [66] | Palalane et al. [57] | Palalane et al. [57] |
Europe | |||
Badreveln spit, Sweden | Hoan et al. [56] | Hoan et al. [56] | Hoan et al. [56] |
Sahalin spit, Romania | Dan et al. [67] | Equation (4) | Dan et al. [67] |
North America | |||
USA | USACE [68] | Equation (4) | USACE [46] |
South America | |||
Balneario Solis, Uruguay | Alonso et al. [69] | Alonso et al. [69] | Alonso et al. [69] |
Asia | |||
Japan | Uda [51] | Equation (4) | Uda [51] |
Vietnam | Duc Anh et al. [37], Duc Anh et al. [58], Duy et al. [59], Duc Anh et al. [60] | ||
Oceania | |||
Gold Coast, Australia | Splinter et al. [70] | Equation (4) | Splinter et al. [70] |
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Lawson, S.K.; Tanaka, H.; Udo, K.; Hiep, N.T.; Tinh, N.X. Morphodynamics and Evolution of Estuarine Sandspits along the Bight of Benin Coast, West Africa. Water 2021, 13, 2977. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13212977
Lawson SK, Tanaka H, Udo K, Hiep NT, Tinh NX. Morphodynamics and Evolution of Estuarine Sandspits along the Bight of Benin Coast, West Africa. Water. 2021; 13(21):2977. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13212977
Chicago/Turabian StyleLawson, Stephan Korblah, Hitoshi Tanaka, Keiko Udo, Nguyen Trong Hiep, and Nguyen Xuan Tinh. 2021. "Morphodynamics and Evolution of Estuarine Sandspits along the Bight of Benin Coast, West Africa" Water 13, no. 21: 2977. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13212977