Temperature Effect on Crack Evolution of Red Clay in Guilin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Investigation
2.1. Test Materials
2.2. Test Instrument
2.3. Testing Procedure
3. Crack Image Processing Steps and Analysis
4. Water Evaporation Process of Red Clay at Different Temperatures
5. Development Process and Quantitative Analysis of Cracks at Different Temperatures
6. Analysis of Crack Evolution Mechanism of Guilin Red Clay
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- The water evaporation process of red clay is mainly divided into three stages: constant rate stage (I), variable deceleration rate stage (II), and residual stable stage (III).
- (2)
- The development and morphology of cracks in the drying process of red clay have a certain regularity. In the fissure network initially formed during the development of fissures, the small area of the fissure block more easily reaches a stable state of water content. Surface fissures are mainly divided into grade I, II, and III fissures.
- (3)
- The temperature effect of the fracture evolution of Guilin red clay is more obvious. With the increase of temperature, the time for the appearance of initial cracks in red clay becomes shorter, and the growth rate of cracks is significantly accelerated. The three stages of crack evolution in red clay are correspondingly shorter, and the number of final blocks of cracks is significantly reduced. The final surface crack rate of red clay increases with the increase of temperature.
- (4)
- With the increase of temperature, the total time required for the soil sample to lose water to the stability of the fissure gradually decreases. In addition, temperature has a greater influence on the critical moisture content of initial cracking. The higher the temperature, the lower the critical moisture content of initial cracking. The change in the air–liquid interfacial tension (surface tension) between soil particles is an important reason for the shrinkage and cracking of red clay. In the process of water loss and cracking of clay soil, the interior of the soil has experienced three states: saturated, unsaturated (water-air-grain interface), and dry states.
8. Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physical Properties | Value |
---|---|
Specific gravity | 2.73 |
Liquid limit | 69.7% |
Plastic limit | 44.6% |
Natural moisture content | 34.91% |
Optimum moisture content | 26.5% |
Void ratio | 1.070 |
Compression elastic modulus | 8.50 |
Plasticity index | 23.7 |
Maximum dry density | 1.56 ρd/g·cm−3 |
Chemical Composition (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | TiO2 | MgO | K2O |
Red Clay | 34.5 | 41.32 | 16.72 | 2.48 | 1.2 | 1.9 |
Particle Fraction | Clay | Silt | Gravel |
---|---|---|---|
grain size | <0.005 mm | 0.005–0.075 mm | 0.075–2 mm |
Content | 32.0% | 66.40% | 1.60% |
Temperature/°C | Diameter/mm | Number of Parallel Groups |
---|---|---|
23 | 90 | 3 |
40 | 90 | 3 |
60 | 90 | 3 |
Temperature/°C | Diameters/mm | Total Duration/h | Initial Cracking Time/h | Cracking Stability Time/h | Critical Humidity of Initial Cracking WSC/% | Number of Sample | Fissure Ratio/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
23 | 90 | 168 | 76 | 136 | 60.25 | 32 | 12.32 |
40 | 90 | 47 | 20 | 35 | 59.24 | 31 | 13.69 |
60 | 90 | 21.5 | 8.5 | 16.5 | 55.43 | 29 | 14.53 |
Temperature/°C | Diameter/mm | Initial Moisture Rate/% | Final Moisture Rate% |
---|---|---|---|
23 | 90 | 60.25 | 2.23 |
40 | 90 | 59.24 | 1.64 |
60 | 90 | 55.43 | 0.63 |
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Xiao, G.; Ye, Z.; Xu, G.; Zeng, J.; Zhang, L. Temperature Effect on Crack Evolution of Red Clay in Guilin. Water 2021, 13, 3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13213025
Xiao G, Ye Z, Xu G, Zeng J, Zhang L. Temperature Effect on Crack Evolution of Red Clay in Guilin. Water. 2021; 13(21):3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13213025
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Guiyuan, Ziming Ye, Guangli Xu, Jian Zeng, and Lu Zhang. 2021. "Temperature Effect on Crack Evolution of Red Clay in Guilin" Water 13, no. 21: 3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13213025
APA StyleXiao, G., Ye, Z., Xu, G., Zeng, J., & Zhang, L. (2021). Temperature Effect on Crack Evolution of Red Clay in Guilin. Water, 13(21), 3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13213025