Groundwater Depletion in an Urban Environment under Semiarid Climate and Persistent Drought–City of Marrakesh (Morocco)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Context
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- The first is that of Tensift, oriented east–west and located in the western and central part of the Haouz Plain. The Tensift River is fed by several tributaries coming down for the north side of the High Atlas Mountains. These tributaries are: R’dat, Zat, Ourika, Rheraya and N’Fis (west to east).
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- The second is that of R’dat which drains the eastern part of the Haouz Plain.
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- The average water supply of these watercourses is about 887.89 million m3/year. The tributaries of the Tensift account for 70% of the total contribution of water supply (620.15 million m3/year–19.67 m3/s). The higher flow rate comes from Ourika (6.39 m3/s) and N’fis (5.4 m3/s). The remaining 30% (267.74 million m3/year–8.48 m3/s) of water supply is from the eastern hydrological systems of Haouz Plain.
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- The lithological, geometrical and structural heterogeneities of the shallow aquifer of the Haouz Plain involve a high spatial variability in the hydrodynamic parameters average value in the study area:
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- The transmissivity of the Haouz aquifer presents a significant dispersion with values ranging from 1.10−4 m2/s to 4.10−2 m2/s (average value in the study area 0.0063 m2/s).
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- The hydraulic conductivity is less heterogeneous than the transmissivity. Ninety-five percent of hydraulic conductivity values are between 7.10−4 m/s to 1.10−3 m/s (0.00044 m/s).
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- The storage coefficient varies between 0.1 and 26% (4.4%). This coefficient is identical to the specific yield as the Haouz aquifer is unconfined.
2.2. Water Table Evolution under the Impact of Increasing Demand
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- The measurements were done with a manual piezometric probe (Figure 6).
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- For each observation well, a measuring point (MP) was established.
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- GPS, topographic map and satellite imaging were used to determine the exact location of each well (MP) and the corresponding altitude of land–surface datum (LSD).
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- A correction length was made if the MP was above (−) or below (+) the LSD. It should be noted here that all observation wells are vertical.
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- All the measurements were made by ensuring that the pumping is off for a sufficient period so as to enable the water table to regain its natural static level.
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- The water table level was calculated according to the following formula:
3. Results
3.1. Marrakesh Water Table in 2019
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- Traditional hand-dug wells: the diameters of these wells lie between 1.20 and 2.90 m. Typically, these are shallow and lined with stones, concrete or brick to prevent their collapse.
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- Drilled wells: constructed by percussion or rotary-drilling machines, with a diameter smaller than traditional wells, not exceeding 75 cm. These wells are equipped with casing.
3.2. Water Table Trend from 1962 to 2019
4. Discussion
4.1. Understanding the Current Water Table Behaviour
4.2. The Water Table Decline, a General Trend
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Analy, M.; Laftouhi, N.-E. Groundwater Depletion in an Urban Environment under Semiarid Climate and Persistent Drought–City of Marrakesh (Morocco). Water 2021, 13, 3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223253
Analy M, Laftouhi N-E. Groundwater Depletion in an Urban Environment under Semiarid Climate and Persistent Drought–City of Marrakesh (Morocco). Water. 2021; 13(22):3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223253
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnaly, Mohammed, and Nour-Eddine Laftouhi. 2021. "Groundwater Depletion in an Urban Environment under Semiarid Climate and Persistent Drought–City of Marrakesh (Morocco)" Water 13, no. 22: 3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223253