Spatial-Temporal Change of Actual Evapotranspiration and the Causes Based on the Advection–Aridity Model in the Weihe River Basin, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Dataset
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sets
3. Methodology
3.1. Evapotranspiration Estimation
3.2. Trend Detection
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis
3.4. Trend Attribution
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Temporal Change
4.2. Spatial Distribution of Seasonal and Annual ETa
4.3. The Trends of ETa Change
4.4. Impact Factors of ETa
4.4.1. Sensitivity of the ETa to Meteorological Variables
4.4.2. Contribution of the ETa to Climatic Variables
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sub Basins | Station Number | Station Name | Longitude (°E) | Latitude (°N) | Altitude (m) | Catchment Area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wei River | 52986 | Lintao | 35.37 | 103.87 | 1886.6 | 0.16 |
52996 | Huajialing | 35.38 | 105.02 | 2450.6 | 0.72 | |
56093 | Minxian | 34.43 | 104.02 | 2314.6 | 0.38 | |
57143 | Shangxian | 33.87 | 109.97 | 742.2 | 0.08 | |
57134 | Foping | 33.52 | 107.98 | 1791.8 | 0.11 | |
57144 | Zhenan | 33.43 | 109.15 | 985.6 | 0.01 | |
57006 | Tianshui | 34.58 | 105.75 | 1141.7 | 0.93 | |
57036 | Xian | 34.27 | 108.95 | 410.0 | 0.72 | |
57016 | Baoji | 34.35 | 107.13 | 612.4 | 0.85 | |
53903 | Xiji | 35.97 | 105.72 | 1901.3 | 0.42 | |
57034 | Wugong | 34.25 | 108.22 | 505.4 | 0.79 | |
57046 | Huashan | 34.48 | 110.08 | 2064.9 | 0.51 | |
Jing River | 53821 | Huanxian | 36.57 | 107.30 | 1543.6 | 1.09 |
53923 | Xifeng | 35.73 | 107.63 | 1421.9 | 0.93 | |
53929 | Changwu | 35.20 | 107.80 | 1206.3 | 0.92 | |
53915 | Kuntong | 35.55 | 106.67 | 1346.6 | 0.99 | |
53723 | Yanchi | 37.80 | 107.38 | 1347.8 | 0.10 | |
53817 | Guyuan | 36.00 | 106.27 | 1753.2 | 0.34 | |
Beiluo River | 53738 | Wuqi | 36.92 | 108.17 | 1331.4 | 1.05 |
53845 | Yanan | 36.60 | 109.47 | 957.1 | 0.28 | |
53942 | Luochuan | 35.77 | 109.42 | 1158.3 | 1.02 | |
53947 | Tongchuan | 35.08 | 109.07 | 978.9 | 1.00 | |
57046 | Huashan | 34.48 | 110.08 | 2064.9 | 0.51 |
Decades | Streamflow (108 m3) | Precipitation (mm) | Wind Speed (m/s) | Average Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity | Sunshine Duration (h) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Huaxian | Zhuangtou | Zhangjiashan | ||||||
1970–1979 | 59.41 | 6.08 | 17.43 | 541.78 | 2.22 | 9.79 | 64.75 | 6.38 |
1980–1989 | 79.13 | 7.39 | 17.02 | 558.79 | 1.94 | 9.75 | 65.47 | 5.83 |
1990–1999 | 43.79 | 7.11 | 14.02 | 506.45 | 1.99 | 10.44 | 64.42 | 6.20 |
2000–2010 | 45.04 | 5.01 | 9.28 | 526.77 | 1.88 | 10.92 | 63.75 | 6.23 |
2010–2018 | 55.04 | 5.78 | 11.38 | 573.34 | 1.94 | 11.06 | 63.62 | 6.03 |
Mean | 56.51 | 6.29 | 13.87 | 540.78 | 2.22 | 9.79 | 64.75 | 6.38 |
Max | 131.00 (1983) | 13.09 (1988) | 26.05 (1975) | 760.97 (2003) | 2.36 (1970) | 11.69 (2013) | 70.79 (1989) | 6.62 (1979) |
Min | 16.83 (1997) | 3.09 (1973) | 4.51 (2000) | 369.49 (1997) | 1.78 (2002) | 9.04 (1984) | 59.38 (1995) | 5.13 (1989) |
SD | 25.92 | 2.44 | 5.39 | 82.30 | 0.14 | 0.69 | 2.21 | 0.34 |
Hydrological Stations | Sub-Basins | Longitude (°E) | Latitude (°N) | Catchment Area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Huaxian | Wei River | 34°35′ | 109°46′ | 106,500 |
Zhuangtou | Beiluo River | 35°02′ | 109°50′ | 25,600 |
Zhangjiashan | Jing River | 34°38′ | 108°36′ | 43,200 |
Sub-Areas | Hydrological Station | Area (km2) | α | Calibration Period (1970–1997) Annual Mean ETa (mm) | Validation Period (1998–2018) Annual Mean ETa (mm) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Balance | AA Model | Absolute Error | Relative Error (%) | Water Balance | AA Model | Absolute Error | Relative Error (%) | ||||
Wei River | Huaxian | 63,300 | 0.93 | 525.83 | 527.84 | −2.00 | −3.1 | 526.33 | 528.97 | −2.46 | −2.5 |
Jing River | Zhangjiashan | 43,200 | 0.88 | 489.67 | 463.63 | 26.04 | 2.4 | 450.25 | 450.89 | −0.64 | −4.1 |
Beiluo River | Zhuangtou | 25,600 | 0.96 | 559.18 | 573.77 | −14.59 | −4.4 | 545.78 | 551.41 | −5.63 | −4.3 |
Variables | Spring | Summer | Autum | Winter | Annual |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S(T) | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.002 | −0.001 | 0.020 |
S(Rn) | 0.214 | 0.195 | 0.281 | 0.486 | 0.300 |
S(U) | 0.124 | 0.070 | 0.102 | 0.329 | 0.160 |
S(ea) | −0.141 | −0.111 | −0.153 | −0.324 | −0.180 |
Period | Contribution | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C(T) | C(Rn) | C(U2) | C(ea) | C(ETa) | |
Spring | −0.0024 | −0.0082 | 0.0011 | −0.0104 | −0.0199 |
Summer | −0.0006 | 0.0099 | −0.0002 | −0.0024 | −0.0153 |
Autumn | −0.0001 | −0.0085 | −0.0002 | −0.0072 | −0.0160 |
Winter | 0.0004 | −0.0091 | −0.0001 | 0.0057 | 0.0485 |
Annual | −0.0001 | −0.0058 | −0.0006 | −0.0033 | −0.0046 |
Period | Proportional Contribution (%) | ||||
P(T)/% | P(Rn)/% | P(U2)/% | P(ea)/% | Psum | |
Spring | 12.05 | 41.16 | −5.48 | 52.28 | 100.00 |
Summer | 3.60 | −64.33 | 1.46 | 159.27 | 100.00 |
Autumn | 0.79 | 52.94 | 1.36 | 44.92 | 100.00 |
Winter | 0.90 | −18.69 | −0.21 | 118.01 | 100.00 |
Annual | 2.79 | 12.69 | 12.89 | 71.64 | 100.00 |
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Xu, R.; Gao, P.; Mu, X.; Gu, C. Spatial-Temporal Change of Actual Evapotranspiration and the Causes Based on the Advection–Aridity Model in the Weihe River Basin, China. Water 2021, 13, 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030303
Xu R, Gao P, Mu X, Gu C. Spatial-Temporal Change of Actual Evapotranspiration and the Causes Based on the Advection–Aridity Model in the Weihe River Basin, China. Water. 2021; 13(3):303. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030303
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Ruirui, Peng Gao, Xingmin Mu, and Chaojun Gu. 2021. "Spatial-Temporal Change of Actual Evapotranspiration and the Causes Based on the Advection–Aridity Model in the Weihe River Basin, China" Water 13, no. 3: 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030303