Ancient WEF: Water–Energy–Food Nexus in the Distant Past
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. WEF Nexus in the Ancient Persian Uplands
2.1. Structure and Operation of Qanat Systems
2.2. Governance of Early Qanat Systems
3. WEF Nexus in the Sichuan Basin of Ancient China
3.1. The Dujiangyan Irrigation Scheme
3.2. Governance of the Early Dujiangyan Irrigation Scheme
4. Early WEF Nexus Perspective
4.1. WEF Nexus Characteristics of Qanats and the Dujiangyan Irrigation Scheme
4.2. Modern Threats to Qanats and the Dujiangyan Irrigation Scheme
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Example | Objectives | References |
---|---|---|
Agricultural terraces on hillsides | Control of water movement, soil retention, and erosion control | [136,137,138] |
Jessour, meskat, and related approaches | Retention of water and silt in ephemeral streams | [131,139,140] |
Khoosab, bandsar, sowma, and related approaches | Diversion of water away from ephemeral streams | [141,142,143,144] |
Complex dam and canal systems | Storage and diversion of water from rivers onto cropland | [124,127,145] |
Characteristic | Then | Now |
---|---|---|
Transport of water, energy, or food across long distances | Rare [61,104] | Frequent [185,186,187,188,189] |
Relationship between movement of water and energy | Tightly linked, nearly impossible to overexploit [55,56,98,101] | Mostly decoupled, overexploitation an increasing problem [190,191,192] |
Overall governance, including allocation to users | Many key decisions local and tradition-based, guided by self-interest of beneficiaries [91,92,100] | Decisions often made remotely, prone to transboundary and political conflicts [193,194,195,196] |
Technology and resources | Local, based on indigenous knowledge and knowhow, perspective usually long [81,97,98] | Usually externally sourced, intended beneficiaries often feel disenfranchised [197,198] |
Balance between the WEF nexus components | Sought during the entire decision-making process [53,101,155] | Often sought after initial decisions have been made [15,29,199] |
WEF nexus synergies and tradeoffs | Synergies predominate, tradeoffs uncommon [53,83,93,106] | Synergies and tradeoffs common, unintended consequences frequent [200,201] |
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Pueppke, S.G. Ancient WEF: Water–Energy–Food Nexus in the Distant Past. Water 2021, 13, 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070925
Pueppke SG. Ancient WEF: Water–Energy–Food Nexus in the Distant Past. Water. 2021; 13(7):925. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070925
Chicago/Turabian StylePueppke, Steven G. 2021. "Ancient WEF: Water–Energy–Food Nexus in the Distant Past" Water 13, no. 7: 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070925