Evaluating the Collaborative Security of Water–Energy–Food in China on the Basis of Symbiotic System Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Preprocessing
2.3. Resource Situation
2.4. Theoretical Basis
2.5. Indicator Selection
2.6. Weight Determination
2.6.1. Entropy Weight Method
2.6.2. AHP
2.6.3. Combination Weight
2.7. Calculation of Evaluation Index
2.7.1. Standard Value of Evaluation Index
2.7.2. Calculation of Security Index
2.7.3. Evaluation Grade
3. Results
3.1. Evolution of China’s Collaborative Security
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution
3.2.1. Regional Collaborative Security Index
3.2.2. Collaborative Security Change Trend
3.2.3. Collaborative Security Gradation at National Scale
3.2.4. Collaborative Security Gradation at Regional Scale
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Type | Data Details | Data Source |
---|---|---|
Water resources | Precipitation; water resources in the region; water supply and composition; water consumption and composition; irrigation water consumption per mu; effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water | China Water Resources Bulletin |
Water consumption quota | Industry Water Use Quota in various regions | |
Energy source | Primary energy output; energy balance table; subindustry energy consumption; total power of agricultural machinery | China Energy Statistical Yearbook |
Biomass power generation | National Monitoring and Evaluation Report on Biomass Power Generation | |
Food | Cultivated land; food yield; food consumption | China Statistical Yearbook |
Food import and export volume | General Administration of Customs People’s Republic of China | |
Society and economy | Population; GDP (Gross Domestic Product); added value of various industries | China Statistical Yearbook |
Environment | Land area; forest coverage rate; fertilizer application rate | China Statistical Yearbook |
Greenhouse gas emissions of various types of energy | National Energy Administration | |
Water resources reuse rate | Annual Statistic Report on Environment in China | |
Other | Conversion coefficient of standard coal | China Energy Statistical Yearbook |
Greenhouse gas emission coefficient | National Energy Administration |
Target | Criterion | Subsystem | Index | Significance | Unit | Effect Direction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water–energy–food collaborative security | Stability, S | Water resources system, WS | Water resources per capita, W1 | Carrying capacity of water resources | m3/person | + |
Water resource development utilization rate, W2 | Water resource development and utilization potential | % | - | |||
Groundwater resource utilization rate, W3 | Groundwater resource security | % | - | |||
Non-conventional water resource ratio, W4 | Water-saving capacity | % | + | |||
Water consumption of 10,000 yuan GDP, W5 | Water use efficiency | m3/10,000 yuan | - | |||
Energy system, ES | Energy production per capita, E1 | Energy abundance and supply | Tons of standard coal/person | + | ||
Energy consumption of 10,000 yuan GDP, E2 | The degree of economic demand and dependence on energy | Tons of standard coal/10,000 yuan | - | |||
Energy consumption elasticity factor, E3 | Changes in the degree of economic dependence on energy | — | - | |||
Energy self-sufficiency rate, E4 | The degree of satisfaction of energy supply to demand | % | + | |||
Food system, FS | Arable land per capita, F1 | The matching degree of cultivated land and population | m2/person | + | ||
Food yield per capita, F2 | The degree to which food production matches population | kg/person | + | |||
The proportion of the added value of primary production, F3 | The proportion of agriculture in the economic structure | % | - | |||
Food self-sufficiency rate, F4 | The degree of satisfaction of food supply to demand | % | + | |||
Coordination, C | Water–energy system, WEC | Water consumption per unit of energy production, WE1 | Energy production water efficiency | m3/tons standard coal | - | |
Energy production water use ratio, WE2 | Pressure of energy production on water resources | % | - | |||
Repetitive utilization rate of industrial water, WE3 | Industrial water-saving level | % | + | |||
Water–food system, WFC | Agricultural water use ratio, WF1 | Pressure of agricultural production on water resources | % | - | ||
Average irrigation water consumption, WF2 | Agricultural water use efficiency | m3/ha | - | |||
Efficient utilization coefficient of irrigation water in farmland, WF3 | Irrigation water management level | — | + | |||
Annual precipitation, WF4 | Effects of climate on irrigation water use | Mm | + | |||
Energy–food system, EFC | Agricultural machinery power of per unit cultivated area, EF1 | Reflecting the need for energy in agriculture | KW/ha | - | ||
The proportion of the energy consumption of primary production, EF2 | Pressure of agriculture on energy supplies | % | - | |||
The proportion of biomass power generation, EF3 | Support of agriculture to the energy supply | % | + | |||
Sustainability, T | Economic system, JT | Per capita GDP, J1 | Economic development level | 10,000 yuan/person | + | |
GDP growth rate, J2 | Vitality of economic growth | % | + | |||
The proportion of the added value of tertiary industry production, J3 | Industrial structure level | % | + | |||
Social system, HT | Population growth rate, H1 | Population growth pressure | ‰ | - | ||
Urbanization rate, H2 | Social development level | % | + | |||
Population density, H3 | Population pressure | people/km2 | - | |||
Natural system, ZT | Wastewater recycling efficiency, Z1 | Water saving and pollution control level | % | + | ||
Forest coverage rate, Z2 | Ecological equilibrium state | % | + | |||
Fertilizer application amount per unit cultivated area, Z3 | Pressure of agriculture on the environment | t/ha | - | |||
10,000 yuan GDP greenhouse gas emissions, Z4 | Economic pressure on the environment | kg/10,000 yuan | - |
Index | Weight | Index | Weight | Index | Weight | Criterion | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | 0.097 | WE1 | 0.183 | J1 | 0.157 | S | 0.37 |
W2 | 0.23 | WE2 | 0.124 | J2 | 0.058 | C | 0.407 |
W3 | 0.112 | WE3 | 0.062 | J3 | 0.088 | T | 0.224 |
W4 | 0.027 | WF1 | 0.14 | H1 | 0.039 | ||
W5 | 0.052 | WF2 | 0.072 | H2 | 0.095 | ||
E1 | 0.036 | WF3 | 0.047 | H3 | 0.074 | ||
E2 | 0.034 | WF4 | 0.274 | Z1 | 0.127 | ||
E3 | 0.019 | EF1 | 0.024 | Z2 | 0.045 | ||
E4 | 0.077 | EF2 | 0.063 | Z3 | 0.075 | ||
F1 | 0.048 | EF3 | 0.012 | Z4 | 0.243 | ||
F2 | 0.092 | ||||||
F3 | 0.025 | ||||||
F4 | 0.151 |
Evaluation Grade | Lower | Low | Middle | High | Higher |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stability | <2.3 | 2.3~2.7 | 2.7~3.1 | 3.1~3.5 | >3.5 |
Coordination | <2.8 | 2.8~3.2 | 3.2~3.6 | 3.6~4.0 | >4.0 |
Sustainability | <2.8 | 2.8~3.1 | 3.1~3.4 | 3.4~3.6 | >3.6 |
Collaborative | <2.7 | 2.7~2.9 | 2.9~3.2 | 3.2~3.5 | >3.5 |
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Li, X.; Liu, C.; Wang, G.; Bao, Z.; Diao, Y.; Liu, J. Evaluating the Collaborative Security of Water–Energy–Food in China on the Basis of Symbiotic System Theory. Water 2021, 13, 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081112
Li X, Liu C, Wang G, Bao Z, Diao Y, Liu J. Evaluating the Collaborative Security of Water–Energy–Food in China on the Basis of Symbiotic System Theory. Water. 2021; 13(8):1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081112
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xiao, Cuishan Liu, Guoqing Wang, Zhenxin Bao, Yanfang Diao, and Jing Liu. 2021. "Evaluating the Collaborative Security of Water–Energy–Food in China on the Basis of Symbiotic System Theory" Water 13, no. 8: 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081112