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Correction published on 22 September 2022, see Water 2022, 14(19), 2969.
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Article

Biological Degradation of the Azo Dye Basic Orange 2 by Escherichia coli: A Sustainable and Ecofriendly Approach for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater

1
Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
2
Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand at Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
3
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
4
Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
5
Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
7
Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia
8
Department of Zoology, Jinnah College for Women, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 23000, Pakistan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2022, 14(13), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132063
Submission received: 31 May 2022 / Revised: 24 June 2022 / Accepted: 25 June 2022 / Published: 28 June 2022 / Corrected: 22 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)

Abstract

In this study, initially 11 different bacterial strains were tested for the degradation capabilities against Basic Orange 2 dye. In initial screening with 78.90% degradation activity, Escherichia coli emerged as the most promising strain to degrade the selected dye, and was then employed in subsequent experiments. For further enhancing the degradation capability of selected bacteria, the effects of various physicochemical parameters were also evaluated. Among the tested parameters, 20 ppm dye concentration, 1666 mg/L glucose concentration, a temperature of 40 °C, 666 mg/L sodium chloride concentration, pH 7, 1000 mg/L urea concentration, a 3-day incubation period and the use of sodium benzoate as a redox mediator (666 mg/L) were found to be ideal conditions to get the highest decolorization/degradation activities. Finally, all the mentioned parameters were combined in a single set of experiments, and the decolorization capacity of the bacteria was enhanced to 89.88%. The effect of pH, dye concentration, incubation time and temperature were found to be responsible for the optimum degradation of dye (p < 0.05), as predicted from the ANOVA (analysis of variance) of the response surface methodology. The metabolites were collected after completion of the process and characterized through Fourier transform irradiation (FTIR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From the data obtained, a proposed mechanism was deduced where it was assumed that the azo bond of the dye was broken by the azoreductase enzyme of the bacteria, resulting in the formation of aniline and 3, 4-diaminobezeminium chloride. The aniline was then further converted to benzene by deamination by the action of the bacterial deaminase enzyme. The benzene ring, after subsequent methylation, was transformed into o-xylene, while 3, 4-diaminobezeminium chloride was converted to p-xylene by enzymatic action. These findings suggest that Escherichia coli is a capable strain to be used in the bioremediation of textile effluents containing azo dyes. However, the selected bacterial strain may need to be further investigated for other dyes as well.
Keywords: biodegradation; Basic Orange 2; Escherichia coli; metabolites; azo dyes; wastewater biodegradation; Basic Orange 2; Escherichia coli; metabolites; azo dyes; wastewater

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ikram, M.; Naeem, M.; Zahoor, M.; Hanafiah, M.M.; Oyekanmi, A.A.; Ullah, R.; Farraj, D.A.A.; Elshikh, M.S.; Zekker, I.; Gulfam, N. Biological Degradation of the Azo Dye Basic Orange 2 by Escherichia coli: A Sustainable and Ecofriendly Approach for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater. Water 2022, 14, 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132063

AMA Style

Ikram M, Naeem M, Zahoor M, Hanafiah MM, Oyekanmi AA, Ullah R, Farraj DAA, Elshikh MS, Zekker I, Gulfam N. Biological Degradation of the Azo Dye Basic Orange 2 by Escherichia coli: A Sustainable and Ecofriendly Approach for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater. Water. 2022; 14(13):2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132063

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ikram, Muhammad, Mohammad Naeem, Muhammad Zahoor, Marlia Mohd Hanafiah, Adeleke Abdulrahman Oyekanmi, Riaz Ullah, Dunia A. Al Farraj, Mohamed S. Elshikh, Ivar Zekker, and Naila Gulfam. 2022. "Biological Degradation of the Azo Dye Basic Orange 2 by Escherichia coli: A Sustainable and Ecofriendly Approach for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater" Water 14, no. 13: 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132063

APA Style

Ikram, M., Naeem, M., Zahoor, M., Hanafiah, M. M., Oyekanmi, A. A., Ullah, R., Farraj, D. A. A., Elshikh, M. S., Zekker, I., & Gulfam, N. (2022). Biological Degradation of the Azo Dye Basic Orange 2 by Escherichia coli: A Sustainable and Ecofriendly Approach for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater. Water, 14(13), 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132063

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