Figure 1.
Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) results based on WHO, EPA, and DWAF: DWAF*, WHO = World Health Organization; EPA = Domestic use; DWAF* = Agricultural use.
Figure 1.
Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) results based on WHO, EPA, and DWAF: DWAF*, WHO = World Health Organization; EPA = Domestic use; DWAF* = Agricultural use.
Figure 2.
Nemerow Index (NeI) results using the WHO, EPA, and DWAF permissible: DWAF, WHO, and EPA = Domestic use and DWAF* = Agricultural use.
Figure 2.
Nemerow Index (NeI) results using the WHO, EPA, and DWAF permissible: DWAF, WHO, and EPA = Domestic use and DWAF* = Agricultural use.
Figure 3.
Water quality index (WQI) for all Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex Stream, and Natref Stream using permissible guideline values set by the DWAF domestic use.
Figure 3.
Water quality index (WQI) for all Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex Stream, and Natref Stream using permissible guideline values set by the DWAF domestic use.
Table 1.
Average physiochemical parameters (pH, TDS, EC) for Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex Stream, and Natref Stream.
Table 1.
Average physiochemical parameters (pH, TDS, EC) for Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex Stream, and Natref Stream.
| pH | TDS (mg/L) | EC (mS/m) |
| Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry |
Meulsteenpan Lake | 7.89 | 7.86 | 980 | 796 | 2 | 1.2 |
Coalplex Stream | 7.13 | 7.37 | 326 | 309 | 0.65 | 0.65 |
Natref Stream | 6.16 | 7.68 | 413 | 269 | 0.89 | 0.96 |
Permissible water standards |
| pH | TDS (mg/L) | EC (mS/m) |
DWAF* | 6.5–8.4 | 40 | N.A. |
DWAF | 6.0–9.0 | 450 | 0.7 |
WHO | 6.5–9.5 | 600 | N.A. |
EPA | 6.5–9.5 | N.A. | 2.5 |
Table 2.
Minimum, maximum, and mean concentrations of surface water from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex Stream, and Natref Stream (ug/L).
Table 2.
Minimum, maximum, and mean concentrations of surface water from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex Stream, and Natref Stream (ug/L).
| Meulsteenpan Lake | Coalplex Stream | Natref Stream |
---|
Metals | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry |
---|
| Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean |
---|
Al | 17.7 | 1381 | 363 | 21.7 | 34.9 | 27.3 | 44.1 | 143 | 94.4 | 14.1 | 51.3 | 27.3 | 10.6 | 495 | 145 | 21.7 | 58.9 | 41.1 |
As | <DL | 12.7 | 3.63 | <DL | 1.85 | 0.62 | 1.72 | 7.10 | 4.30 | <DL | 30.3 | 10.2 | <DL | 6.41 | 2.18 | <DL | 31.92 | 10.6 |
Cd | 0.12 | 0.78 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 2.27 | 1.03 | 0.1 | 0.38 | 0.21 | <DL | 0.13 | 0.06 | <DL | 0.17 | 0.07 | <DL | 2.27 | 0.77 |
Co | 0.23 | 5.57 | 2.61 | 0.59 | 23.9 | 9.01 | 1.33 | 36.6 | 10.8 | <DL | 4.68 | 2.08 | 0.4 | 22.4 | 6.72 | <DL | 23.9 | 8.78 |
Cr | 0.73 | 10.1 | 3.93 | 0.73 | 3.68 | 2.17 | <DL | 1.13 | 0.30 | <DL | 3.88 | 1.29 | 0.33 | 3.25 | 1.86 | <DL | 4.13 | 2.07 |
Cu | 1.59 | 7.43 | 3.91 | <DL | 17.3 | 8.25 | 1.56 | 4.00 | 2.42 | <DL | 8.75 | 4.61 | 1.55 | 18.0 | 7.58 | <DL | 17.3 | 5.97 |
Fe | <DL | 6027 | 2077 | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | 550 | 279 | <DL | 96.8 | 52.0 | <DL | 426 | 115 | <DL | 14.9 | 4.96 |
Mn | 0.93 | 1092 | 568 | 0.93 | 18.4 | 10.9 | 0.40 | 675 | 272 | 2.93 | 51.9 | 34.9 | 0.27 | 227 | 60.4 | 18.4 | 75.3 | 40.7 |
Mo | 0.68 | 13.5 | 7.59 | 3.53 | 13.53 | 7.11 | 32.5 | 470 | 208 | 244 | 397 | 341 | 0.45 | 6.00 | 3.38 | 2.62 | 4.28 | 3.33 |
Ni | <DL | 0.35 | 0.09 | <DL | 2.05 | 0.68 | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | <DL | 2.02 | 0.67 |
Pb | 0.22 | 5.35 | 2.15 | 1.38 | 3.48 | 2.66 | 2.15 | 6.95 | 3.81 | <DL | 1.57 | 0.87 | 0.20 | 5.25 | 2.15 | 1.00 | 5.50 | 3.21 |
Sb | 1.65 | 7.78 | 4.57 | <DL | 1.70 | 1.05 | 1.57 | 7.84 | 3.49 | <DL | 4.62 | 2.27 | <DL | 2.5 | 1.52 | 0.30 | 1.45 | 0.87 |
Se | 2.60 | 28.1 | 15.6 | <DL | 28.1 | 15.5 | <DL | 22.0 | 6.27 | <DL | 20.7 | 7.47 | <DL | 23.4 | 6.47 | 0.15 | 18.5 | 8.27 |
Sr | 291 | 492 | 360 | 145 | 291 | 222 | 145 | 251 | 201 | 201 | 301 | 240 | 167 | 332 | 272 | 145 | 599 | 316 |
Tl | <DL | 18.5 | 11.4 | 6.12 | 20.1 | 14.0 | <DL | 15.7 | 4.48 | 4.83 | 28.9 | 20.8 | 4.00 | 18.4 | 9.59 | 3.73 | 30.5 | 18.1 |
V | 3.47 | 43.5 | 22.0 | <DL | 22.0 | 14.2 | <DL | 20.3 | 9.22 | <DL | 24.7 | 15.0 | 3.00 | 20.3 | 13.1 | <DL | 22.0 | 14.6 |
Table 3.
Permissible guideline values for surface water applied for domestic and agricultural use.
Table 3.
Permissible guideline values for surface water applied for domestic and agricultural use.
| Permissible Guideline Water Standards (ug/L) |
---|
Metals | DWAF* | DWAF | WHO | EPA |
---|
Al | 5000 | 150 | N.A. | 200 |
As | 100 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Cd | 10 | 5 | 3 | 5 |
Co | 50 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Cr | 100 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Cu | 200 | 1000 | 2000 | 2000 |
Fe | 5000 | 100 | N.A. | 200 |
Mn | 50 | 50 | N.A. | 50 |
Mo | 10 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Ni | 200 | N.A. | 70 | 20 |
Pb | 200 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Sb | N.A. | N.A. | 20 | 5 |
Se | 20 | 20 | 40 | 10 |
Sr | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Tl | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
V | 100 | 100 | N.A. | N.A. |
Table 4.
Analytical figures of merit.
Table 4.
Analytical figures of merit.
Metal | Linearity (ug/L) | R2 | LOD (ug/L) | LOQ (ug/L) |
---|
Al | 0.3–2000 | 0.9951 | 0.099 | 0.33 |
As | 0.3–500 | 0.9913 | 0.065 | 0.22 |
Cd | 0.05–500 | 0.9921 | 0.014 | 0.05 |
Co | 0.1–500 | 0.9989 | 0.028 | 0.09 |
Cr | 0.2–500 | 0.9982 | 0.038 | 0.13 |
Cu | 0.05–2000 | 0.9962 | 0.014 | 0.05 |
Fe | 0.1–6500 | 0.9929 | 0.040 | 0.13 |
Mn | 0.1–1500 | 0.9959 | 0.043 | 0.14 |
Mo | 0.1–750 | 0.9923 | 0.020 | 0.07 |
Ni | 0.1–1500 | 0.9950 | 0.020 | 0.07 |
Pb | 0.1–500 | 0.9950 | 0.020 | 0.07 |
Sb | 0.05–500 | 0.9935 | 0.012 | 0.04 |
Se | 0.1–450 | 0.9981 | 0.032 | 0.11 |
Sr | 0.1–1500 | 0.9952 | 0.033 | 0.11 |
Tl | 0.3–350 | 0.9952 | 0.10 | 0.34 |
V | 0.1–500 | 0.9904 | 0.035 | 0.12 |
Table 5.
Contamination factor (Cf) for each metal calculated using the DWAF permissible guideline values for domestic use from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex stream, and Natref stream during the wet and dry seasons.
Table 5.
Contamination factor (Cf) for each metal calculated using the DWAF permissible guideline values for domestic use from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex stream, and Natref stream during the wet and dry seasons.
| Meulsteenpan Lake | Coalplex Stream | Natref Stream |
---|
Metals | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry |
---|
Al | 2.42 | 0.18 | 0.63 | 0.18 | 0.97 | 0.27 |
As | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.43 | 1.02 | 0.22 | 1.06 |
Cd | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.15 |
Co | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Cr | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.006 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Cu | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.006 |
Fe | 20.8 | 0.00 | 2.79 | 0.52 | 1.15 | 0.05 |
Mn | 11.4 | 0.22 | 5.43 | 0.70 | 1.21 | 0.81 |
Mo | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Ni | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Pb | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.32 |
Sb | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Se | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.41 |
Sr | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Tl | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
V | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
Table 6.
Contamination factor (Cf) for each metal calculated using the EPA permissible guideline values for domestic use from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex stream, and Natref stream during the wet and dry seasons.
Table 6.
Contamination factor (Cf) for each metal calculated using the EPA permissible guideline values for domestic use from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex stream, and Natref stream during the wet and dry seasons.
| Meulsteenpan Lake | Coalplex Stream | Natref Stream |
---|
Metals | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry |
---|
Al | 0.65 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 0.14 | 0.72 | 0.21 |
As | 1.97 | 0.06 | 0.43 | 1.02 | 0.22 | 1.06 |
Cd | 2.88 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.15 |
Co | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Cr | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Cu | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Fe | 2.42 | 0.00 | 1.39 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 0.02 |
Mn | 4.50 | 0.22 | 5.43 | 0.70 | 1.21 | 0.81 |
Mo | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Ni | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 |
Pb | 1.77 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.32 |
Sb | 2.30 | 0.21 | 0.70 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.17 |
Se | 1.00 | 1.55 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.83 |
Sr | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Tl | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
V | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Table 7.
Contamination factor (Cf) for each metal calculated using the WHO permissible guideline values for domestic use from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex stream, and Natref stream during the wet and dry seasons.
Table 7.
Contamination factor (Cf) for each metal calculated using the WHO permissible guideline values for domestic use from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex stream, and Natref stream during the wet and dry seasons.
| Meulsteenpan Lake | Coalplex Stream | Natref Stream |
---|
Metals | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry |
---|
Al | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
As | 1.97 | 0.06 | 0.43 | 1.02 | 0.22 | 1.06 |
Cd | 2.88 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.26 |
Co | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Cr | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Cu | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Fe | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Mn | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Mo | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Ni | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Pb | 1.77 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.32 |
Sb | 2.30 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.04 |
Se | 0.97 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.21 |
Sr | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Tl | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
V | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Table 8.
Contamination factor (Cf) for each metal calculated using the DWAF permissible guideline values for agricultural use from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex stream, and Natref stream during the wet and dry seasons.
Table 8.
Contamination factor (Cf) for each metal calculated using the DWAF permissible guideline values for agricultural use from Meulsteenpan Lake, Coalplex stream, and Natref stream during the wet and dry seasons.
| Meulsteenpan Lake | Coalplex Stream | Natref Stream |
---|
Metals | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry |
---|
Al | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
As | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
Cd | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Co | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.18 |
Cr | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Cu | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
Fe | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
Mn | 11.4 | 0.22 | 5.43 | 0.70 | 1.21 | 0.81 |
Mo | 0.76 | 0.71 | 20.8 | 34.1 | 0.34 | 0.33 |
Ni | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Pb | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Sb | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Se | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.41 |
Sr | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Tl | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
V | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
Table 9.
Modified Degree of Contamination (m-Cd) results based on the WHO, EPA, and DWAF permissible standards.
Table 9.
Modified Degree of Contamination (m-Cd) results based on the WHO, EPA, and DWAF permissible standards.
| Site | Meulsteenpan Lake | Coalplex Stream | Natref Stream |
---|
DWAF* | Wet | 1.06 | 2.08 | 0.18 |
Dry | 0.17 | 2.73 | 0.17 |
DWAF | Wet | 3.63 | 1.01 | 0.43 |
Dry | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.33 |
WHO | Wet | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.09 |
Dry | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.24 |
EPA | Wet | 2.43 | 0.86 | 0.36 |
Dry | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.33 |
Table 10.
m-HPI results using WHO, EPA, and DWAF permissible standards.
Table 10.
m-HPI results using WHO, EPA, and DWAF permissible standards.
| Site | Meulsteenpan Lake | Coalplex Stream | Natref Stream |
---|
DWAF* | Wet | 1.19 | 6.73 | 0.79 |
Dry | 0.61 | 10.5 | 0.75 |
DWAF | Wet | 1.51 | 0.80 | 0.79 |
Dry | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.54 |
WHO | Wet | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.91 |
Dry | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.71 |
EPA | Wet | 0.91 | 0.71 | 0.75 |
Dry | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.62 |
Table 11.
Estimated daily intake (EDI) (mg/kg bw/day) of heavy metals for adults and children due to surface water in Meulsteenpan Lake.
Table 11.
Estimated daily intake (EDI) (mg/kg bw/day) of heavy metals for adults and children due to surface water in Meulsteenpan Lake.
| Men | Women | Children | MRLs (mg/kg bw/day) |
---|
Metals | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | |
---|
Al | 11.17 | 0.84 | 12.1 | 0.91 | 18.15 | 1.37 | 1 |
As | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.0003 |
Cd | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.0001 |
Co | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.01 |
Cr | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.2 | 0.11 | 0.0009 |
Cu | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.2 | 0.41 | 0.01 |
Fe | 63.94 | 0 | 69.27 | 0 | 103.9 | 0 | N.A. |
Mn | 17.51 | 0.34 | 18.97 | 0.36 | 28.45 | 0.55 | 0.16 |
Mo | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.008 |
Ni | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.03 | N.A. |
Pb | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.13 | N.A. |
Sb | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.0006 |
Se | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.005 |
Sr | 11.08 | 6.83 | 12 | 7.4 | 18 | 11.1 | 0.3 |
Tl | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.57 | 0.7 | N.A. |
V | 0.68 | 0.44 | 12.1 | 0.47 | 1.1 | 1.42 | 0.01 |
Table 12.
Estimated daily intake (EDI) (mg/kg bw/day) of heavy metals for adults and children due to surface water in Coalplex Stream.
Table 12.
Estimated daily intake (EDI) (mg/kg bw/day) of heavy metals for adults and children due to surface water in Coalplex Stream.
| Men | Women | Children | MRLs (mg/kg bw/day) |
---|
Metals | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | |
---|
Al | 2.91 | 0.84 | 3.15 | 0.91 | 4.72 | 1.37 | 1 |
As | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.51 | 0.0003 |
Cd | 0.01 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.0001 |
Co | 0.33 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Cr | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.0009 |
Cu | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.01 |
Fe | 8.59 | 1.6 | 9.3 | 1.73 | 13.95 | 2.6 | N.A. |
Mn | 8.37 | 1.07 | 9.07 | 1.16 | 13.6 | 1.75 | 0.16 |
Mo | 6.4 | 10.49 | 6.93 | 11.37 | 10.4 | 17.05 | 0.008 |
Ni | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N.A. |
Pb | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.04 | N.A. |
Sb | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.0006 |
Se | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.005 |
Sr | 6.19 | 7.39 | 6.7 | 8 | 10.05 | 12 | 0.3 |
Tl | 0.14 | 0.64 | 0.15 | 0.69 | 0.22 | 1.04 | N.A. |
V | 0.28 | 0.46 | 0.31 | 0.5 | 0.46 | 1.5 | 0.01 |
Table 13.
Estimated daily intake (EDI) (mg/kg bw/day) of heavy metals for adults and children due to surface water in Natref Stream.
Table 13.
Estimated daily intake (EDI) (mg/kg bw/day) of heavy metals for adults and children due to surface water in Natref Stream.
| Men | Women | Children | MRLs (mg/kg bw/day) |
---|
Metal | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | |
---|
Al | 4.462 | 1.265 | 4.833 | 1.37 | 7.25 | 2.055 | 1 |
As | 0.067 | 0.326 | 0.073 | 0.353 | 0.109 | 0.53 | 0.0003 |
Cd | 0.002 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.026 | 0.004 | 0.039 | 0.0001 |
Co | 0.207 | 0.27 | 0.224 | 0.293 | 0.336 | 0.439 | 0.01 |
Cr | 0.057 | 0.064 | 0.062 | 0.069 | 0.093 | 0.104 | 0.0009 |
Cu | 0.233 | 0.184 | 0.253 | 0.199 | 0.379 | 0.299 | 0.01 |
Fe | 3.538 | 0.153 | 3.833 | 0.165 | 5.75 | 0.248 | N.A. |
Mn | 1.858 | 1.252 | 2.013 | 1.357 | 3.02 | 2.035 | 0.16 |
Mo | 0.104 | 0.102 | 0.113 | 0.111 | 0.169 | 0.167 | 0.008 |
Ni | 0 | 0.021 | 0 | 0.022 | 0 | 0.034 | N.A. |
Pb | 0.066 | 0.099 | 0.072 | 0.107 | 0.108 | 0.161 | N.A. |
Sb | 0.047 | 0.027 | 0.051 | 0.029 | 0.076 | 0.044 | 0.0006 |
Se | 0.199 | 0.254 | 0.216 | 0.276 | 0.324 | 0.414 | 0.005 |
Sr | 8.369 | 9.754 | 9.067 | 10.567 | 13.6 | 15.85 | 0.3 |
Tl | 0.295 | 0.557 | 0.32 | 0.603 | 0.48 | 0.905 | N.A. |
V | 0.403 | 0.449 | 0.437 | 0.487 | 0.655 | 1.46 | 0.01 |
Table 14.
HQ values of heavy metals for adults and children due to surface water contamination.
Table 14.
HQ values of heavy metals for adults and children due to surface water contamination.
Meulsteenpan Lake | Coalplex Stream | Natref Stream |
---|
| Men | Women | Children | Men | Women | Children | Men | Women | Children |
---|
Metals | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry |
---|
As | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.44 | 1.05 | 0.48 | 1.13 | 0.71 | 1.70 | 0.22 | 1.09 | 0.24 | 1.18 | 0.36 | 1.77 |
Cd | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.05 | 0.007 | 0.08 |
Co | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.007 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Cr | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Cu | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.007 |
Mn | 0.13 | 0.002 | 0.14 | 0.003 | 0.20 | 0.004 | 0.06 | 0.008 | 0.07 | 0.008 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Pb | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.04 | 0.008 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Sb | 0.35 | 0.08 | 0.38 | 0.09 | 0.57 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.11 |
Se | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
Tl | 4.39 | 5.39 | 4.75 | 5.83 | 7.13 | 8.75 | 1.72 | 8.00 | 1.87 | 8.67 | 2.80 | 13.0 | 3.69 | 6.96 | 4.00 | 7.54 | 5.99 | 11.3 |
V | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.21 |
Table 15.
Carcinogenic Risk of Water Consumption (R).
Table 15.
Carcinogenic Risk of Water Consumption (R).
| Meulsteenpan Lake | Coalplex Stream | Natref Stream |
---|
Men | Women | Children | Men | Women | Children | Men | Women | Children |
---|
| Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry | Wet | Dry |
---|
As | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.77 | 0.1 | 0.49 | 0.11 | 0.53 | 0.16 | 0.8 |
Cr | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.008 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Pb | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |