Modelling Soil Water, Salt and Heat Dynamics under Partially Mulched Conditions with Drip Irrigation, Using HYDRUS-2D
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Monitoring Methods
2.3. Model Introduction
2.3.1. Equation of Water Transport
2.3.2. Solute Transport Equation
2.3.3. Heat Transport Equation
2.3.4. Initial and Boundary Conditions
2.3.5. Parameters and Model Calibration/Validation
Parameters | Value | Source | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil characteristic parameter | Soil particle composition | Sand | 26.252 | Measured via experiment | |
Silt | 70.858 | ||||
Clay | 2.89 | ||||
1.55 | |||||
Soil hydraulic parameters | 0.0353 | Rosetta pedotransfer functions [44] | |||
0.42 | |||||
0.0072 | |||||
1.6613 | |||||
1.875 | |||||
l | 0.5 | ||||
Solute transport parameters | 26 | Calibrated | |||
0.6 | |||||
1 | |||||
0.05 | |||||
Heat transport parameters | −0.5519 | Wang et al. [45] | |||
−4.05 | |||||
3.75 | |||||
Pan et al. [46] | |||||
Hu et al. [47] | |||||
1 |
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results of Model Calibration and Validation
3.2. Water Transport under Various Irrigation Treatments
3.3. Salt Transport under Various Irrigation Treatments
3.4. Heat Transport under Various Irrigation Treatments
3.5. Discussion on the Coupling of Water, Salt, and Heat Transport
3.6. Simulation Scenarios
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The HYDRUS-2D model compared reasonably well with the measured data, demonstrating that it can reflect differences in water, salt, and heat migration in the vertical and lateral directions. For solute transport, compared with instantaneous equilibrium adsorption, kinetic adsorption could better reflect the characteristics of solute transport in this experiment.
- (2)
- Under partially mulched drip irrigation, a significant difference was found in the migration of water, salt, and heat between the mulched and the un-mulched soil area. The un-mulched soil area was drier than the mulched soil area, and it also had higher soil salinity level and higher temperature rise with radiation.
- (3)
- For different irrigation intensities with the same total irrigation amount, lower intensity drip irrigation showed smaller spatial distribution difference for water, and larger spatial distribution differences in salinity and heat at the end of the process. Such treatment can lead to effective desalination in the mulched area; more serious salt accumulation was restricted to the un-mulched soil.
- (4)
- Scenario simulations showed that the total quantity of drip irrigation had an obvious effect on the desalination boundary in the deep soil layer. Drip irrigations with appropriate incremental intensity could improve salt leaching in the root zone, as more water migrates laterally.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time (d) | 1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 28 | ||
Number of irrigation -th | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | ||
Irrigation amount | W1 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 31 |
W2 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 31 |
W1 | W2 | W1 | W2 | W1 | W2 | |
MAE | 0.0051 | 0.0074 | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.32 | 1.76 |
RMSE | 0.0064 | 0.0092 | 1.48 | 1.52 | 1.60 | 2.16 |
NRMSE (%) | 1.63 | 2.32 | 16.35 | 16.64 | 5.04 | 6.63 |
0.67 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.54 | 0.79 | 0.71 |
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Tian, H.; Bo, L.; Mao, X.; Liu, X.; Wang, Y.; Hu, Q. Modelling Soil Water, Salt and Heat Dynamics under Partially Mulched Conditions with Drip Irrigation, Using HYDRUS-2D. Water 2022, 14, 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182791
Tian H, Bo L, Mao X, Liu X, Wang Y, Hu Q. Modelling Soil Water, Salt and Heat Dynamics under Partially Mulched Conditions with Drip Irrigation, Using HYDRUS-2D. Water. 2022; 14(18):2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182791
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Huiwen, Liyuan Bo, Xiaomin Mao, Xinyu Liu, Yan Wang, and Qingyang Hu. 2022. "Modelling Soil Water, Salt and Heat Dynamics under Partially Mulched Conditions with Drip Irrigation, Using HYDRUS-2D" Water 14, no. 18: 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182791