High Precision Extraction of Surface Water from Complex Terrain in Bosten Lake Basin Based on Water Index and Slope Mask Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Resources
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Remote Sensing Image
2.3.2. Selection of Sample Points for Accuracy Verification
2.3.3. Selection of Water Index and Realization of Index Calculation
2.3.4. Use of Slope Mask and Determination of Optimum Threshold of Surface Water
2.3.5. Discussion on Extraction Methods of Other Water Bodies
2.3.6. Validation of Water Extraction Accuracy in Long-Time Series
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Extraction Effect of Surface Water with Water Index 0 as Threshold Value
3.2. Changes of Extraction Accuracy under Water Index Threshold and Slope Iteration
3.3. Comparison of Water Extraction Effects under Complex Terrains
3.4. Effect Analysis of Long Time Series Water Extraction
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Discussion
4.1.1. The Relationship between the Optimal Threshold of Water Index and Water Extraction Effect
4.1.2. The Optimal Threshold Value of Slope Mask Can Reflect the Effect of Water Index to Distinguish Shadows
4.1.3. Commonality of Water Extraction Methods
4.2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index Name | Index Formula | Reference |
---|---|---|
NDWI | [11] | |
MNDWI | [12] | |
AWEInsh | [19] | |
AWEIsh | [19] | |
EWI | [14] | |
ANWI | [41] | |
NWI | [17] | |
WI2015 | [20] | |
WI2019 | [42] |
Classification Method | Threshold | Slope | Land Cover Class | Overall Accuracy | User Accuracy | Producer Accuracy | Kappa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WI2019 | 0.00 | 0.00 | water | 0.669 | 0.274 | 0.994 | 0.29 |
nonwater | 0.999 | 0.623 | |||||
−0.25 | 0.00 | water | 0.679 | 0.299 | 0.984 | 0.31 | |
nonwater | 0.996 | 0.630 | |||||
0.00 | 10.00 | water | 0.908 | 0.807 | 0.989 | 0.81 | |
nonwater | 0.992 | 0.861 | |||||
−0.15 | 8.00 | water | 0.940 | 0.912 | 0.954 | 0.89 | |
nonwater | 0.964 | 0.929 | |||||
AWEInsh | 0.00 | 0.00 | water | 0.680 | 0.299 | 0.990 | 0.31 |
nonwater | 0.997 | 0.630 | |||||
−0.1 | 0.00 | water | 0.682 | 0.306 | 0.987 | 0.319 | |
nonwater | 0.997 | 0.632 | |||||
0.00 | 10.00 | water | 0.901 | 0.944 | 0.853 | 0.80 | |
nonwater | 0.865 | 0.949 | |||||
−0.09 | 5.00 | water | 0.937 | 0.926 | 0.935 | 0.87 | |
nonwater | 0.946 | 0.939 | |||||
AWEIsh | 0.00 | 0.00 | water | 0.676 | 0.305 | 0.949 | 0.31 |
nonwater | 0.986 | 0.630 | |||||
0.15 | 0.00 | water | 0.668 | 0.274 | 0.986 | 0.288 | |
nonwater | 0.997 | 0.622 | |||||
0.00 | 10.00 | water | 0.882 | 0.973 | 0.807 | 0.77 | |
nonwater | 0.806 | 0.973 | |||||
0.08 | 5.00 | water | 0.922 | 0.899 | 0.926 | 0.84 | |
nonwater | 0.940 | 0.918 | |||||
MNDWI | 0.00 | 0.00 | water | 0.681 | 0.307 | 0.973 | 0.32 |
nonwater | 0.993 | 0.632 | |||||
0.15 | 0.00 | water | 0.682 | 0.305 | 0.989 | 0.32 | |
nonwater | 0.997 | 0.632 | |||||
0.00 | 10.00 | water | 0.903 | 0.976 | 0.837 | 0.81 | |
nonwater | 0.841 | 0.977 | |||||
0.00 | 5.00 | water | 0.931 | 0.935 | 0.915 | 0.86 | |
nonwater | 0.928 | 0.945 | |||||
NDWI | 0.00 | 0.00 | water | 0.675 | 0.289 | 0.987 | 0.30 |
nonwater | 0.997 | 0.627 | |||||
0.15 | 0 | water | 0.674 | 0.300 | 0.946 | 0.30 | |
nonwater | 0.986 | 0.268 | |||||
0.00 | 10.00 | water | 0.907 | 0.880 | 0.913 | 0.81 | |
nonwater | 0.930 | 0.903 | |||||
0.03 | 9.00 | water | 0.916 | 0.859 | 0.951 | 0.83 | |
nonwater | 0.963 | 0.891 | |||||
EWI | 0.00 | 0.00 | water | 0.657 | 0.248 | 0.991 | 0.26 |
nonwater | 0.998 | 0.614 | |||||
−0.15 | 0.00 | water | 0.669 | 0.275 | 0.989 | 0.290 | |
nonwater | 0.997 | 0.623 | |||||
0.00 | 10.00 | water | 0.845 | 0.694 | 0.954 | 0.68 | |
nonwater | 0.972 | 0.792 | |||||
−0.35 | 4.00 | water | 0.927 | 0.894 | 0.942 | 0.85 | |
nonwater | 0.954 | 0.915 | |||||
ANWI | 0.00 | 0.00 | water | 0.657 | 0.248 | 0.991 | 0.26 |
nonwater | 0.998 | 0.614 | |||||
−0.15 | 0.00 | water | 0.667 | 0.272 | 0.989 | 0.287 | |
nonwater | 0.997 | 0.622 | |||||
0.00 | 10.00 | water | 0.839 | 0.670 | 0.964 | 0.67 | |
nonwater | 0.979 | 0.781 | |||||
0.1 | 6.00 | water | 0.930 | 0.901 | 0.943 | 0.86 | |
nonwater | 0.954 | 0.920 | |||||
NWI | 0.00 | 0.00 | water | 0.657 | 0.248 | 0.991 | 0.26 |
nonwater | 0.998 | 0.614 | |||||
−0.4 | 0.00 | water | 0.682 | 0.305 | 0.985 | 0.319 | |
nonwater | 0.996 | 0.632 | |||||
0.00 | 10.00 | water | 0.839 | 0.670 | 0.964 | 0.67 | |
nonwater | 0.979 | 0.781 | |||||
−0.40 | 4.00 | water | 0.930 | 0.901 | 0.943 | 0.86 | |
nonwater | 0.954 | 0.920 | |||||
WI2015 | 0.00 | 0.00 | water | 0.682 | 0.306 | 0.980 | 0.32 |
nonwater | 0.995 | 0.632 | |||||
0.05 | 0 | water | 0.681 | 0.306 | 0.980 | 0.319 | |
nonwater | 0.995 | 0.632 | |||||
0.00 | 10.00 | water | 0.904 | 0.973 | 0.840 | 0.81 | |
nonwater | 0.973 | 0.975 | |||||
0.00 | 5.00 | water | 0.932 | 0.932 | 0.920 | 0.86 | |
nonwater | 0.932 | 0.943 | |||||
SmileCart | 0.931 | 0.88 | |||||
LibSVM | 0.894 | 0.79 | |||||
MinimumDistance | 0.864 | 0.87 |
Water Index | WI2019 | AWEInsh | AWEIsh | MNDWI | NDWI | EWI | ANWI | NWI | WI2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Error area (km2) | 140.5183 | 183.524 | 145.4784 | 391.2709 | 194.1482 | 266.785 | 177.5806 | 210.056 | 350.6671 |
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Li, X.; Zhang, F.; Chan, N.W.; Shi, J.; Liu, C.; Chen, D. High Precision Extraction of Surface Water from Complex Terrain in Bosten Lake Basin Based on Water Index and Slope Mask Data. Water 2022, 14, 2809. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182809
Li X, Zhang F, Chan NW, Shi J, Liu C, Chen D. High Precision Extraction of Surface Water from Complex Terrain in Bosten Lake Basin Based on Water Index and Slope Mask Data. Water. 2022; 14(18):2809. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182809
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xingyou, Fei Zhang, Ngai Weng Chan, Jinchao Shi, Changjiang Liu, and Daosheng Chen. 2022. "High Precision Extraction of Surface Water from Complex Terrain in Bosten Lake Basin Based on Water Index and Slope Mask Data" Water 14, no. 18: 2809. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182809