Impact of Sediment Deposition on Flood Carrying Capacity of an Alluvial Channel: A Case Study of the Lower Indus Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Hydrologic Analysis
2.3. Landscape Analysis
2.4. Hydraulic Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrologic Analysis
3.2. Landscape Analysis
3.3. Calibration and Validation
3.4. Sediment Deposits Impact Assessment
3.5. River Geometry Optimization
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. No. | Image Acquired | Sensor | River Flow (m3/s) | Sr. No. | Image Acquired | Sensor | River Flow (m3/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 13/09/1990 | TM | 4123.26 | 21 | 29/04/2010 | TM | 0 |
2 | 31/08/1991 | TM | 3083.24 | 22 | 16/06/2010 | TM | 0 |
3 | 17/08/1992 | TM | 14,081.45 | 23 | 02/07/2010 | TM | 5.66 |
4 | 04/08/1993 | TM | 9340.40 | 24 | 19/08/2010 | TM | 8096.33 |
5 | 20/08/1993 | TM | 4480.33 | 25 | 04/09/2010 | TM | 20,054.80 |
6 | 23/08/1994 | TM | 22,549.71 | 26 | 22/10/2010 | TM | 677.29 |
7 | 10/10/1994 | TM | 1173.21 | 27 | 23/11/2010 | TM | 388.23 |
8 | 13/12/1994 | TM | 0 | 28 | 25/12/2010 | TM | 181.36 |
9 | 06/05/1995 | TM | 835.98 | 29 | 26/01/2011 | TM | 0 |
0 | 15/10/1996 | TM | 136.02 | 30 | 11/02/2011 | TM | 0 |
11 | 15/08/1997 | TM | 1887.35 | 31 | 31/30/2011 | TM | 0 |
12 | 12/05/1997 | TM | 0 | 32 | 02/05/2011 | TM | 0 |
13 | 18/08/1998 | TM | 3944.73 | 33 | 03/06/2011 | TM | 187.03 |
14 | 05/08/1999 | TM | 1825.00 | 34 | 05/07/2011 | TM | 181.36 |
15 | 23/08/2000 | TM | 0 | 35 | 22/08/2011 | TM | 844.49 |
16 | 26/08/2001 | TM | 300.38 | 36 | 14/08/2014 | OLI | 0 |
17 | 10/06/2002 | TM | 0 | 37 | 17/08/2015 | OLI | 16,437.38 |
18 | 17/09/2009 | TM | 70.84 | 38 | 19/08/2016 | OLI | 2673.06 |
19 | 23/01/2010 | TM | 0 | 39 | 18/03/2018 | OLI | 0 |
20 | 04/02/2010 | TM | 0 |
Hydrologic Years | Low | Medium | High | Very High | Exceptionally High | Average Annual Peak (1000 m3/s) | Average Volume Released (BCM) |
Flow Velocity (1000 m3/s) | |||||||
8.5 | 9.9 | 14.2 | 19.8 | 25.5 | |||
Return Period (years) | |||||||
1.4 | 1.8 | 4.1 | 11.5 | 33.2 | |||
Frequency analysis | |||||||
1976–1985 | 04 | 02 | 01 | 01 | 01 | 10.01 | 44.27 |
1986–1995 | 04 | 01 | 01 | 02 | 02 | 11.57 | 58.14 |
1996–2005 | 08 | 02 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 4.42 | 19.81 |
2006–2018 | 10 | 01 | 00 | 01 | 01 | 6.86 | 19.38 |
Hydrologic Year | Bank-Full Discharge (m3/s) | Discharge Capacity Reduction (%) | Discharge Eventuating Levee Overtop (m3/s) | Flood Carrying Capacity Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1994 | 19,850 | - | 32,480 | - |
2010 | 17,600 | 11.34 | 31,100 | 4.25 |
2018 | 11,080 | 37.00 | 26,900 | 13.50 |
Total | - | 48.34 | - | 17.75 |
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Mahmood, A.; Han, J.-C.; Ijaz, M.W.; Siyal, A.A.; Ahmad, M.; Yousaf, M. Impact of Sediment Deposition on Flood Carrying Capacity of an Alluvial Channel: A Case Study of the Lower Indus Basin. Water 2022, 14, 3321. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203321
Mahmood A, Han J-C, Ijaz MW, Siyal AA, Ahmad M, Yousaf M. Impact of Sediment Deposition on Flood Carrying Capacity of an Alluvial Channel: A Case Study of the Lower Indus Basin. Water. 2022; 14(20):3321. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203321
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmood, Arslan, Jing-Cheng Han, Muhammad Wajid Ijaz, Altaf Ali Siyal, Muhammad Ahmad, and Maryam Yousaf. 2022. "Impact of Sediment Deposition on Flood Carrying Capacity of an Alluvial Channel: A Case Study of the Lower Indus Basin" Water 14, no. 20: 3321. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203321