Biodegradable and Seasonal Variation of Organic Carbon Affected by Anthropogenic Activity: A Case in Xuan Thuy Mangrove Forest, North Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Design
2.1. Selection of Study Site
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.3. Biodegradability
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical and Physical Parameters
3.2. Organic Carbon Concentrations
3.3. Biodegradable OC
3.4. Origin of Mangrove Organic Carbon
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | pH Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | Temp (°C) Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | NO3− (mgL−1) Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | NO2− (mgL−1) Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | PO42− (mgL−1) Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | Chla (µgL−1) Mean ± SD (Min–Max) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deforested mangrove | 7.6 ± 0.1 (7.1–7.9) | 26.8 ± 5.5 (15.6–30.9) | 0.07 ± 0.05 (0.01–0.11) | 0.07 ± 0.07 (0.01–0.24) | 0.03 ± 0.04 (0.002–0.12) | 0.47 ± 0.43 (0.04–1.23) |
Planted mangroves | 7.3 ± 0.3 (7.0–7.7) | 23.6 ± 5.7 (14.6–28.9) | 0.13 ± 0.08 (0.02–0.28) | 0.03 ± 0.03 (0.01–0.10) | 0.06 ± 0.07 (0.02–0.23) | 1.26 ± 1.45 (0.10–4.75) |
Natural mangroves | 7.0 ± 0.2 (7.0–8.1) | 23.3 ± 5.8 (13.6–29.3) | 0.10 ± 0.07 (0.06–0.24) | 0.02 ± 0.02 (0.01–0.18) | 0.04 ± 0.05 (0.01–0.15) | 1.43 ± 2.48 (0.50–8.60) |
Site | Deforested Mangrove | Planted Mangroves | Natural Mangroves | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | ||
Dissolved | DOC (mgCL−1) | 4.2 ± 1.9 (2.2–8.1) | 4.4 ± 3.0 (2.3–10.8) | 4.3 ± 3.1 (1.8–13.2) |
BDOC (mgCL−1) | 2.7 ± 1.3 (1.4–5.0) | 2.7 ± 2.7 (0.9–8.0) | 2.3 ± 2.9 (0.6–9.4) | |
BDOC (%) | 49 ± 13 (30–63) | 48 ± 17 (28–74) | 38 ± 18 (19–71) | |
Particulate | POC (mgCL−1) | 3.7 ± 2.5 (1.8–10.4) | 7.9 ± 12.9 (2.8–14.4) | 5.7 ± 10.5 (1.7–12.2) |
BPOC (mgCL−1) | 1.9 ± 1.8 (0.7–6.1) | 6.1 ± 11.3 (1.1–13.9) | 4.1 ± 9.2 (0.5–10.3) | |
BPOC (%) | 47 ± 17 (22–73) | 52 ± 16 (32–76) | 43 ± 18 (18–72) | |
Total | TOC (mgCL−1) | 7.9 ± 3.9 (2.5–8.1) | 12.3 ± 15.4 (2.3–10.8) | 10.0 ± 13.3 (1.7–12.2) |
BTOC (mgCL−1) | 4.7 ± 2.9 (2.2–11.1) | 8.8 ± 13.6 (1.9–11.9) | 6.4 ± 11.9 (1.10–19.7) | |
BTOC (%) | 48 ± 12 (33–66) | 52 ± 13 (37–76) | 41 ± 17 (19–72) |
Characteristics | Deforested Mangrove Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | Planted Mangroves Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | Natural Mangroves Mean ± SD (Min–Max) |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 0.30 ± 0.44 (0.02–1.03) | 0.51 ± 0.61 (0.07–1.60) | 0.30 ± 0.37 (0.03–1.41) |
P (%) | 0.12 ± 0.04 (0.05–0.18) | 0.13 ± 0.04 (0.06–0.19) | 0.14 ± 0.04 (0.07–0.19) |
C (%) | 0.45 ± 0.28 (0.18–1.26) | 2.49 ± 1.09 (0.77–3.94) | 3.04 ± 1.83 (0.39–6.40) |
C/N | 8.4 ± 5.5 (0.3–15.0) | 14.3 ± 9.5 (1.0–22.9) | 16.9 ± 8.1 (1.6–25) |
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Nguyen, T.M.H.; Le, T.P.Q.; Hoang, V.V.; Vu, C.T. Biodegradable and Seasonal Variation of Organic Carbon Affected by Anthropogenic Activity: A Case in Xuan Thuy Mangrove Forest, North Vietnam. Water 2022, 14, 773. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050773
Nguyen TMH, Le TPQ, Hoang VV, Vu CT. Biodegradable and Seasonal Variation of Organic Carbon Affected by Anthropogenic Activity: A Case in Xuan Thuy Mangrove Forest, North Vietnam. Water. 2022; 14(5):773. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050773
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Thi Mai Huong, Thi Phuong Quynh Le, Vinh Van Hoang, and Cam Tu Vu. 2022. "Biodegradable and Seasonal Variation of Organic Carbon Affected by Anthropogenic Activity: A Case in Xuan Thuy Mangrove Forest, North Vietnam" Water 14, no. 5: 773. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050773