Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Irrigation Water Requirements for Major Crops in Shandong Province
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
- (1)
- Temperature: −50 to 50 °C;
- (2)
- Precipitation: 0–200 mm;
- (3)
- Wind speed at 2 m: 0–20 m/s;
- (4)
- Relative humidity: 0–100%;
- (5)
- Duration of sunshine: 0–20 h.
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Calculation of Irrigation Water Requirements
2.2.2. M–K Mutation Test
2.2.3. Spatial Interpolation
2.2.4. Pearson Correlation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Calculation of Irrigation Water Requirements
3.1.1. Multi-Year Average Crop Water Requirements
3.1.2. Multi-Year Average Irrigation Water Requirements
3.2. The Temporal Variation Law of Irrigation Water Requirements
3.2.1. Study on Inter-Annual Variation of Irrigation Water Requirements
3.2.2. Monthly Variation of Irrigation Water Requirements in Growing Season
3.3. Spatial Distribution of Irrigation Water Requirements
3.3.1. Spatial Distribution of Multi-Year Average Irrigation Water Requirements of Summer Maize
3.3.2. Spatial Distribution of Multi-Year Average Irrigation Water Requirements of Winter Wheat
3.4. Analysis of Influencing Factors of Irrigation Water Requirements
3.4.1. Correlation Analysis between Summer Maize Irrigation Water Requirements and Climate Factors
3.4.2. Correlation Analysis between Winter Wheat Irrigation Water Requirements and Climate Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- There were obvious differences in the change trends of the annual irrigation water requirements for both summer maize and winter wheat in the various irrigation regions of Shandong Province. The annual irrigation water requirements of summer maize and winter wheat in the eastern Shandong irrigation regions showed overall insignificant upward trends, the annual irrigation water requirements of winter wheat in northern Shandong and southwestern Shandong irrigation regions showed significant downward trends, while the annual irrigation water requirements of summer maize and winter wheat in other irrigation regions showed overall insignificant downward trends;
- (2)
- The multi-year average irrigation water requirements of summer maize in the irrigation regions of Shandong Province increased first and then decreased, with the maximum value appearing in August. The multi-year average irrigation water requirements of winter wheat first decreased, then increased and decreased again. The maximum value appeared in April of the following year. This characteristic may lead to a higher risk of water scarcity in August for summer maize and in April of the following year for winter wheat in Shandong Province;
- (3)
- The multi-year average irrigation water requirements of summer maize and winter wheat in Shandong Province both presented zonal distributions. The spatial distribution of multi-year average irrigation water requirements for summer maize was less in the southwest, more in the northeast, less in the south, and more in the north. The multi-year average irrigation water requirements for winter wheat presented the spatial distribution characteristics of being less in the southeast, more in the northwest, less in the south, and more in the north;
- (4)
- Precipitation and sunshine duration were the two most important meteorological factors affecting the irrigation water requirements of summer maize in Shandong province, while the main meteorological factors affecting the irrigation water requirements of winter wheat were relative humidity and sunshine duration. Rational utilization of groundwater resources and South-to-North water transfer is recommended in order to deal with extreme weather and to achieve the rational allocation of water resources in Shandong province.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Irrigation Regions | Weather Station | Plant Date | The End Date of the First Trimester of Childbearing | Starting Date of Critical Childbearing Period | End Date of Critical Childbearing Period | Harvest Date | Initial KC | Medium Term KC | Telophase KC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southwestern Shandong | Dingtao | 162 | 181 | 202 | 241 | 261 | 0.55 | 1.13 | 0.56 |
Northern Shandong | Huimin | 163 | 182 | 203 | 242 | 263 | 0.56 | 1.14 | 0.57 |
Ling County | 165 | 185 | 206 | 244 | 266 | 0.53 | 1.12 | 0.55 | |
Kenli | 164 | 183 | 204 | 243 | 265 | 0.55 | 1.14 | 0.56 | |
Shen County | 165 | 185 | 205 | 245 | 266 | 0.54 | 1.13 | 0.55 | |
Central Shandong | Yanzhou | 162 | 181 | 202 | 241 | 261 | 0.55 | 1.13 | 0.56 |
Jinan | 164 | 184 | 204 | 244 | 263 | 0.56 | 1.14 | 0.57 | |
Mount Tai | 165 | 184 | 205 | 244 | 264 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.65 | |
Yiyuan | 163 | 184 | 203 | 245 | 263 | 0.55 | 1.13 | 0.56 | |
Weifang | 172 | 189 | 209 | 248 | 266 | 0.66 | 1.15 | 0.59 | |
Southern Shandong | Rizhao | 171 | 190 | 209 | 249 | 265 | 0.65 | 1.16 | 0.58 |
Ju County | 172 | 192 | 211 | 247 | 265 | 0.67 | 1.15 | 0.59 | |
Fei County | 170 | 190 | 210 | 248 | 262 | 0.66 | 1.17 | 0.57 | |
Eastern Shandong | Chengshan Cape | 172 | 193 | 212 | 249 | 268 | 0.68 | 1.16 | 0.56 |
Haiyang | 174 | 195 | 215 | 251 | 270 | 0.67 | 1.15 | 0.58 | |
Longkou | 173 | 194 | 214 | 250 | 269 | 0.69 | 1.17 | 0.59 | |
Fushan | 172 | 193 | 212 | 249 | 270 | 0.66 | 1.15 | 0.55 | |
Pingdu | 174 | 195 | 215 | 250 | 268 | 0.67 | 1.16 | 0.56 | |
Qingdao | 173 | 193 | 213 | 249 | 269 | 0.68 | 1.16 | 0.57 | |
Changdao | 172 | 194 | 212 | 248 | 268 | 0.69 | 1.17 | 0.58 |
Irrigation Regions | Weather Station | Beginning Date of Initial Growth Period | End Date of Initial Growth Period | Beginning Date of Overwintering | End Date of Overwintering Period | Beginning Date of Mid-Term Fertility | Mid-Term Termination Date | Harvest Date | Initial KC | Overwintering KC | Medium Term KC | Telophase KC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southwestern Shandong | Dingtao | 282 | 314 | 355 | 421 | 452 | 480 | 521 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.15 | 0.4 |
Northern Shandong | Huimin | 269 | 294 | 333 | 427 | 460 | 486 | 523 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.15 | 0.4 |
Ling County | 271 | 295 | 335 | 429 | 463 | 488 | 526 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.16 | 0.4 | |
Kenli | 274 | 297 | 338 | 432 | 464 | 490 | 528 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.16 | 0.4 | |
Shen County | 273 | 295 | 337 | 432 | 465 | 491 | 529 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.17 | 0.4 | |
Central Shandong | Yanzhou | 282 | 314 | 355 | 421 | 452 | 480 | 521 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.18 | 0.4 |
Jinan | 286 | 305 | 350 | 423 | 467 | 489 | 526 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.17 | 0.4 | |
Mount Tai | 283 | 301 | 347 | 425 | 463 | 486 | 524 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.16 | 0.4 | |
Yiyuan | 281 | 312 | 354 | 419 | 450 | 477 | 520 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.15 | 0.4 | |
Weifang | 283 | 302 | 347 | 429 | 470 | 490 | 531 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.16 | 0.4 | |
Southern Shandong | Rizhao | 288 | 307 | 350 | 432 | 474 | 494 | 535 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.18 | 0.4 |
Ju County | 285 | 305 | 349 | 431 | 472 | 493 | 534 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.18 | 0.4 | |
Fei County | 284 | 305 | 349 | 433 | 475 | 492 | 536 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.18 | 0.4 | |
Eastern Shandong | Chengshan Cape | 270 | 293 | 344 | 435 | 472 | 494 | 536 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.17 | 0.4 |
Haiyang | 268 | 291 | 341 | 432 | 469 | 492 | 532 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.18 | 0.4 | |
Longkou | 271 | 294 | 345 | 435 | 472 | 496 | 537 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.19 | 0.4 | |
Fushan | 274 | 296 | 348 | 439 | 475 | 500 | 540 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.19 | 0.4 | |
Pingdu | 276 | 298 | 351 | 439 | 476 | 501 | 542 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.19 | 0.4 | |
Qingdao | 273 | 295 | 349 | 436 | 472 | 497 | 538 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.18 | 0.4 | |
Changdao | 276 | 297 | 350 | 437 | 474 | 500 | 541 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.19 | 0.4 |
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Number | Irrigation Regions | Weather Station | Crop Water Requirements (mm) | Average Value of Irrigation Regions (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Southwestern Shandong | Dingtao | 340.79 | 340.79 |
II | Northern Shandong | Huimin | 338.25 | 348.2 |
Ling County | 347.88 | |||
Kenli | 369.67 | |||
Shen County | 336.99 | |||
III | Central Shandong | Yanzhou | 346.78 | 334.84 |
Jinan | 374.66 | |||
Mount Tai | 273.22 | |||
Yiyuan | 331.67 | |||
Weifang | 344.68 | |||
IV | Southern Shandong | Rizhao | 322.92 | 316.32 |
Ju County | 301.07 | |||
Fei County | 324.98 | |||
V | Eastern Shandong | Chengshan Cape | 278.75 | 331.36 |
Haiyang | 321.19 | |||
Longkou | 359.61 | |||
Fushan | 355.41 | |||
Pingdu | 332.66 | |||
Qingdao | 328.79 | |||
Changdao | 343.14 |
Number | Irrigation Regions | Weather Station | Crop Water Requirements (mm) | Average Value of Irrigation Regions (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Southwestern Shandong | Dingtao | 372.24 | 372.24 |
II | Northern Shandong | Huimin | 426.31 | 430.24 |
Ling County | 431.77 | |||
Kenli | 439.58 | |||
Shen County | 423.28 | |||
III | Central Shandong | Yanzhou | 380.9 | 409.47 |
Jinan | 497.61 | |||
Mount Tai | 369.42 | |||
Yiyuan | 368.99 | |||
Weifang | 430.44 | |||
IV | Southern Shandong | Rizhao | 359.7 | 387.95 |
Ju County | 381.91 | |||
Fei County | 422.25 | |||
V | Eastern Shandong | Chengshan Cape | 383.22 | 444.1 |
Haiyang | 401.56 | |||
Longkou | 471.77 | |||
Fushan | 497.25 | |||
Pingdu | 452.03 | |||
Qingdao | 419.92 | |||
Changdao | 482.95 |
Number | Irrigation Regions | Weather Station | Irrigation Water Requirements (mm) | Average Value of Irrigation Regions (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Southwestern Shandong | Dingtao | 133.79 | 133.79 |
II | Northern Shandong | Huimin | 135.55 | 142.18 |
Ling County | 140.15 | |||
Kenli | 145.62 | |||
Shen County | 147.39 | |||
III | Central Shandong | Yanzhou | 125.77 | 113.59 |
Jinan | 138.65 | |||
Mount Tai | 57.18 | |||
Yiyuan | 104.33 | |||
Weifang | 142.01 | |||
IV | Southern Shandong | Rizhao | 112.12 | 101.76 |
Ju County | 92.48 | |||
Fei County | 100.67 | |||
V | Eastern Shandong | Chengshan Cape | 122.66 | 140.6 |
Haiyang | 123.68 | |||
Longkou | 155.51 | |||
Fushan | 154.88 | |||
Pingdu | 131.46 | |||
Qingdao | 144.33 | |||
Changdao | 151.66 |
Number | Irrigation Regions | Weather Station | Irrigation Water Requirements (mm) | Average Value of Irrigation Regions (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Southwestern Shandong | Dingtao | 258.81 | 258.81 |
II | Northern Shandong | Huimin | 316.32 | 321.82 |
Ling County | 324.25 | |||
Kenli | 324.88 | |||
Shen County | 303.78 | |||
III | Central Shandong | Yanzhou | 261.12 | 281.74 |
Jinan | 371.16 | |||
Mount Tai | 220.41 | |||
Yiyuan | 256.06 | |||
Weifang | 299.96 | |||
IV | Southern Shandong | Rizhao | 216.07 | 239.13 |
Ju County | 237.71 | |||
Fei County | 263.61 | |||
V | Eastern Shandong | Chengshan Cape | 222.55 | 288.00 |
Haiyang | 256.23 | |||
Longkou | 319.05 | |||
Fushan | 336.17 | |||
Pingdu | 300.05 | |||
Qingdao | 258.74 | |||
Changdao | 323.19 |
Irrigation Regions | Mean Pressure | Mean Temperature | Maximum Temperature | Minimum Temperature | Relative Humidity | Sunshine Hours | Precipitation | Wind Speed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern Shandong | −0.254 * | 0.118 | 0.219 | −0.044 | −0.404 ** | 0.523 ** | −0.587 ** | 0.178 |
Southern Shandong | −0.195 | 0.058 | 0.261 | −0.049 | −0.200 | 0.286 | −0.691 ** | 0.044 |
Central Shandong | −0.288 * | 0.091 | 0.142 | −0.111 | −0.357 * | 0.389 * | −0.632 ** | 0.206 |
Northern Shandong | −0.023 | 0.035 | 0.244 | −0.172 | −0.094 | 0.250 | −0.528 ** | 0.196 |
Southwestern Shandong | −0.134 | 0.044 | 0.161 | −0.287 * | −0.302 * | 0.636 ** | −0.546 ** | 0.154 |
Irrigation Regions | Mean Pressure | Mean Temperature | Maximum Temperature | Minimum Temperature | Relative Humidity | Sunshine Hours | Precipitation | Wind Speed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern Shandong | −0.108 | 0.052 | 0.140 | −0.028 | −0.434 ** | 0.440 ** | −0.265 | 0.001 |
Southern Shandong | −0.292 * | 0.098 | 0.126 | −0.159 | −0.610 ** | 0.428 ** | −0.291 * | 0.015 |
Central Shandong | −0.0086 | 0.020 | 0.027 | −0.084 | −0.598 ** | 0.429 ** | −0.27 | 0.215 |
Northern Shandong | −0.037 | 0.302 * | 0.072 | −0.147 | −0.411 ** | 0.375 | −0.12 | 0.254 |
Southwestern Shandong | −0.079 | 0.070 | 0.175 | −0.127 | −0.677 ** | 0.465 ** | −0.082 | 0.279 |
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Zhang, P.; Ma, W.; Hou, L.; Liu, F.; Zhang, Q. Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Irrigation Water Requirements for Major Crops in Shandong Province. Water 2022, 14, 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071051
Zhang P, Ma W, Hou L, Liu F, Zhang Q. Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Irrigation Water Requirements for Major Crops in Shandong Province. Water. 2022; 14(7):1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071051
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Peng, Wandi Ma, Lei Hou, Fusheng Liu, and Qian Zhang. 2022. "Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Irrigation Water Requirements for Major Crops in Shandong Province" Water 14, no. 7: 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071051