Biogeochemical Behavior of Lead and Nickel as Influenced by Phosphatic Fertilizer Applied to Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars Grown under City Effluent Irrigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Sampling and Its Characterization
2.2. Characteristics of Faisalabad City Effluent
2.3. Rice Nursery and Its Transplantation
2.4. Experimental Setup and Design
2.5. Plant Sampling and Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Rice Growth and Yield Responses
3.1.1. Number of Tillers per Hill and Plant Height
3.1.2. Rice Root and Shoot Dry Weight
3.1.3. Paddy Yield and 1000 Grain Weight
3.2. Rice Physiological Responses
3.3. Concentration of Ni and Pb
3.3.1. Concentration of Pb in Root, Shoot and Paddy
3.3.2. Concentration of Ni in Root, Shoot and Paddy
3.3.3. Post Harvest Soil Pb and Ni Concentration
3.4. Accumulation Pattern of Pb and Ni in Root, Shoot and Paddy
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Textural Class | Sandy clay loam |
Sand | 45.14% |
Silt | 24.30% |
Clay | 30.56% |
pHs | 7.71 |
ECe | 1.71 dS m−1 |
CO3−2 | Nil |
HCO3− | 1.70 mmolc L−1 |
Cl− | 5.70 mmolc L−1 |
SO4−2 | 9.70 mmolc L−1 |
Ca2+ + Mg2+ | 14.70 mmolc L−1 |
Na+ | 2.30 mmolc L−1 |
SAR | 0.85 (mmolc L−1)1/2 |
CEC | 4.63 cmolc kg−1 |
CaCO3 | 1.63% |
OM | 0.66% |
AB-DTPA extractable Pb | 1.26 mg kg−1 |
AB-DTPA extractable Ni | 0.18 mg kg−1 |
Sample No. | Ni (mg L−1) | Pb (mg L−1) | Sample No. | Ni (mg L−1) | Pb (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.047 | 0.015 | 16 | 0.049 | 0.054 |
2 | 0.050 | 0.019 | 17 | 0.037 | 0.038 |
3 | 0.027 | 0.023 | 18 | 0.043 | 0.049 |
4 | 0.052 | 0.032 | 19 | 0.054 | 0.061 |
5 | 0.034 | 0.022 | 20 | 0.051 | 0.079 |
6 | 0.046 | 0.031 | 21 | 0.032 | 0.073 |
7 | 0.030 | 0.028 | 22 | 0.038 | 0.055 |
8 | 0.043 | 0.065 | 23 | 0.046 | 0.051 |
9 | 0.073 | 0.071 | 24 | 0.029 | 0.044 |
10 | 0.025 | 0.034 | 25 | 0.022 | 0.049 |
11 | 0.042 | 1.137 | 26 | 0.039 | 0.039 |
12 | 0.041 | 0.033 | 27 | 0.051 | 0.054 |
13 | 0.053 | 0.034 | 28 | 0.041 | 0.056 |
14 | 0.061 | 0.045 | 29 | 0.046 | 0.046 |
15 | 0.071 | 0.029 | 30 | 0.039 | 0.035 |
Treatment | N (kg ha−1) | P (kg ha−1) | K (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|
T0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T1 | 170 | 62 | 62 |
T2 | 170 | 124 | 62 |
T3 | 170 | 186 | 62 |
T4 | 170 | 248 | 62 |
Parameter | Treatment (d.f. = 3) | Cultivar (d.f. = 1) | Treatment × Cultivar (d.f. = 3) |
---|---|---|---|
Number of tillers per hill | 22.11 * | 2.78 ns | 2.67 * |
Plant height | 341.55 * | 10.51 * | 1.39 ns |
Root dry weight | 196.42 * | 89.62 * | 1.47 ns |
Shoot dry weight | 167.84 * | 22.45 * | 4.97 * |
Paddy yield | 98.51 * | 12.61 * | 2.61 ns |
1000 grain weight | 89.79 * | 3.98 ns | 2.75 * |
Total chlorophyll contents | 64.40 * | 5.12 * | 2.13 ns |
Photosynthesis rate | 79.68 * | 49.75 * | 5.16 * |
Transpiration rate | 25.36 * | 0.01 ns | 0.41 ns |
Concentration of Pb in root | 100.12 * | 125.29 * | 1.3 ns |
Concentration of Pb in shoot | 64.30 * | 9.19 * | 0.33 ns |
Concentration of Pb in paddy | 49.66 * | 54.82 * | 2.00 ns |
Concentration of Ni in root | 15.21 * | 1.44 ns | 3.87 * |
Concentration of Ni in shoot | 1.74 ns | 7.52 * | 4.00 * |
Concentration of Ni in paddy | 2.63 ns | 0.28 ns | 0.26 ns |
Concentration of Pb in post rice soil | 8.35 * | 2.48 ns | 1.15 ns |
Concentration of Ni in post rice soil | 1.19 ns | 1.87 ns | 1.21 ns |
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Murtaza, G.; Maan, M.A.A.; Alhodaib, A.; Iqbal, M.M.; Naz, T.; Zafar, M.I.; Fatima, H.; Parveen, R.; Naz, I. Biogeochemical Behavior of Lead and Nickel as Influenced by Phosphatic Fertilizer Applied to Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars Grown under City Effluent Irrigation. Water 2022, 14, 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091319
Murtaza G, Maan MAA, Alhodaib A, Iqbal MM, Naz T, Zafar MI, Fatima H, Parveen R, Naz I. Biogeochemical Behavior of Lead and Nickel as Influenced by Phosphatic Fertilizer Applied to Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars Grown under City Effluent Irrigation. Water. 2022; 14(9):1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091319
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurtaza, Ghulam, Muhammad Awais Akram Maan, Aiyeshah Alhodaib, Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal, Tayyaba Naz, Mazhar Iqbal Zafar, Humaria Fatima, Rashida Parveen, and Iffat Naz. 2022. "Biogeochemical Behavior of Lead and Nickel as Influenced by Phosphatic Fertilizer Applied to Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars Grown under City Effluent Irrigation" Water 14, no. 9: 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091319