Integrating Water Quality Restoration Cost with Ecosystem Service Flow to Quantify an Ecological Compensation Standard: A Case Study of the Taoxi Creek Watershed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area and Data
2.2. Water Quality Monitoring
2.3. Supply and Demand Models of Ecosystem Service Flows
2.3.1. Water Supply
2.3.2. Water Demand
2.3.3. Supply and Demand Balance and Ecosystem Service Flows
2.3.4. Cost Estimation of Water Supply Service Flow
3. Results
3.1. Spatial and Temporal Variations in Water Quality
3.2. Ecological Compensation Considering the Water Quality Restoration Cost
3.3. Ecological Compensation Based on Ecosystem Service Flows
3.3.1. SWAT Model Calibration and Verification
3.3.2. Water Supply Simulation
3.3.3. Water Demand Simulation
3.3.4. S:D Ratio and Service Flow Compensation
3.4. Integration of Water Quality Restoration Cost with Water Supply Service Flows
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationship between Water Quality Changes and Compensation
4.2. Ecosystem Service Flows and Determination of Unit Costs
4.3. Methodological Innovations and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter Name | Parameter | Final Value |
---|---|---|
CN2 | Runoff curve coefficient | 1.5 |
CANMX | Maximum canopy interception | 0.3 |
ESCO | Soil evaporation compensation factor | 1.26 |
CH_K2 | River hydraulic conductivity (mm/h) | 0.25 |
ALPHA_BF | Baseflow regression coefficient (days) | 0.53 |
GW_DELAY | Groundwater delay (days) | 0.27 |
CH_N2 | Main channel Manning’s coefficient | 0.36 |
SOL_K | Soil saturation hydraulic conductivity (mm/h) | 0.0682 |
SOL_AWC | Soil effective water holding | 0.38 |
GW_REVAP | Groundwater re-evaporation coefficient | 0.05 |
RCHRG_DP | Deep groundwater infiltration coefficient | 0.41 |
Station | Calibration Period (2006–2012) | Validation Period (2013–2019) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSE | R² | PBIAS | NSE | R² | PBIAS | |
Shilong | 0.86 | 0.83 | 8.81 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 7.62 |
Shanmei | 0.84 | 0.83 | 7.17 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 8.25 |
Anxi | 0.72 | 0.77 | 10.82 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 9.76 |
Type | Parameter | Urban Population | Rural Population | Area of Irrigated Farmland | Industrial GDP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water consumption | Spearman correlation | 0.35 | 0.617 | 0.833 ** | 0.467 |
Significance | 0.356 | 0.077 | 0.005 | 0.205 |
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Tu, Z.; Chen, Z.; Ye, H.; Chen, S.; Huang, J. Integrating Water Quality Restoration Cost with Ecosystem Service Flow to Quantify an Ecological Compensation Standard: A Case Study of the Taoxi Creek Watershed. Water 2022, 14, 1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091459
Tu Z, Chen Z, Ye H, Chen S, Huang J. Integrating Water Quality Restoration Cost with Ecosystem Service Flow to Quantify an Ecological Compensation Standard: A Case Study of the Taoxi Creek Watershed. Water. 2022; 14(9):1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091459
Chicago/Turabian StyleTu, Zhenshun, Zilong Chen, Haodong Ye, Shengyue Chen, and Jinliang Huang. 2022. "Integrating Water Quality Restoration Cost with Ecosystem Service Flow to Quantify an Ecological Compensation Standard: A Case Study of the Taoxi Creek Watershed" Water 14, no. 9: 1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091459