The 100-Year Series of Weather-Related Fatalities in the Czech Republic: Interactions of Climate, Environment, and Society
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. The Czech Republic
2.1.2. Fatality Data
- (i)
- Newspapers and magazines
- (ii)
- Narrative sources
- (iii)
- Climatological records
- (iv)
- Parliamentary proposals
- (v)
- Professional papers and reports
- (vi)
- Memorials
- (vii)
- Internet sources
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Types of Severe Weather
- (i)
- Flood
- (ii)
- Windstorm
- (iii)
- Convective storm
- (iv)
- Snow and glaze ice
- (v)
- Frost
- (vi)
- Fog
- (vii)
- Other inclement weather
2.2.2. Database of Fatalities
- (i)
- date of the fatal accident or event;
- (ii)
- locality (i.e., the place of the fatal accident or event);
- (iii)
- type of weather category (see Section 2.2.1);
- (iv)
- time (hour) of the day when the fatal accident or event occurred (morning 0400–0800 CET, forenoon 0800–1200 CET, afternoon 1200–1800 CET, evening 1800–2200 CET, night 2200–0400 CET);
- (v)
- name of the casualty;
- (vi)
- gender of the casualty (male, female);
- (vii)
- age of the casualty (exact age in years or estimated age: child 0–15 years, adult 16–65 years, elderly 66 years and older);
- (viii)
- cause of death (drowning, falling tree/branch, traffic (vehicle/plane/train) accident, underlying health reason, freezing to death/hypothermia, lightning strike, other reason);
- (ix)
- place of death (river/lake/reservoir/bank, within a building, road, open space in a built-up area, countryside, other places);
- (x)
- type of death (direct—deaths caused by weather phenomena, e.g., drowning due to water torrent or collapse of a building; indirect—deaths during activity related to weather phenomena, e.g., health collapse during saving activities);
- (xi)
- behavior of the casualty or culprit of a deadly event (non-hazardous, hazardous);
- (xii)
- source of information.
2.2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fatalities in Individual Weather Categories
3.1.1. Floods
3.1.2. Windstorms
3.1.3. Convective Storms
3.1.4. Snow and Glaze Ice
3.1.5. Frosts
3.1.6. Fog
3.1.7. Other Inclement Weather
3.2. Synthesis of Weather-Related Fatalities
4. Discussion
4.1. Data Uncertainty
4.2. Broader Context
5. Conclusions
- (i)
- The database of weather-related fatalities in the past 100 years was created from different documentary sources, particularly newspapers. By covering a long period and a broad scope of severe weather events, it is a unique dataset in the national and European scales. Despite representing a lower estimate of the real numbers of such fatalities, this database is suitable for the study of spatiotemporal variability of weather-related fatalities, as well as their different special characteristics and features.
- (ii)
- Historical milestones, political and socioeconomic developments, as well as changes in media, significantly influenced the availability of fatality reports related to extreme weather in newspapers. As a result, fatality data are highly underestimated in 1945–1961 and 1978–1995, which makes it difficult to analyze long-term trends and compare them with trends in selected climatological variables.
- (iii)
- An annual average of 27.3 weather-related fatalities per year was attributed to the following weather categories: frosts—cold spells and ice on water bodies (38%); convective storms—lightning strike, strong wind, thunderstorm (19%); floods—including flash floods (17%); fog with bad visibility (11%); snow, avalanches, and glaze ice (8%); windstorms (5%); and other inclement weather not attributable to any preceding categories (2%).
- (iv)
- Despite some differences among individual weather categories, the prevailing characteristics/features of all fatalities were as follows: direct deaths; fatalities mainly caused by freezing to death/hypothermia or drowning, happening in the afternoon and night in an open countryside or on rivers and water bodies; particularly dominant male and adult fatalities; hazardous behavior of victims (or culprits of deadly events) more frequently than non-hazardous.
- (v)
- Detailed knowledge of weather-related fatalities with respect to their spatiotemporal occurrence, structure, and characteristics, with almost half of them classified as hazardous behavior of victims (or culprits of deadly events), offers the possibility to learn from this fatality data to apply appropriate risk communication and contribute to potentially decreasing fatalities (injuries) during extreme weather events.
- (vi)
- Further research on weather-related fatalities in the CR would require their comparison with other official public sources as demographic yearbooks (despite their more generalized data), extension of the period analyzed back to 19th century and the study of fatalities in their broad climatological, environmental, and socioeconomic context in contrast to recent climate change.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Brázdil, R.; Chromá, K.; Dolák, L.; Zahradníček, P.; Řehoř, J.; Dobrovolný, P.; Řezníčková, L. The 100-Year Series of Weather-Related Fatalities in the Czech Republic: Interactions of Climate, Environment, and Society. Water 2023, 15, 1965. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101965
Brázdil R, Chromá K, Dolák L, Zahradníček P, Řehoř J, Dobrovolný P, Řezníčková L. The 100-Year Series of Weather-Related Fatalities in the Czech Republic: Interactions of Climate, Environment, and Society. Water. 2023; 15(10):1965. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101965
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrázdil, Rudolf, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Pavel Zahradníček, Jan Řehoř, Petr Dobrovolný, and Ladislava Řezníčková. 2023. "The 100-Year Series of Weather-Related Fatalities in the Czech Republic: Interactions of Climate, Environment, and Society" Water 15, no. 10: 1965. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101965
APA StyleBrázdil, R., Chromá, K., Dolák, L., Zahradníček, P., Řehoř, J., Dobrovolný, P., & Řezníčková, L. (2023). The 100-Year Series of Weather-Related Fatalities in the Czech Republic: Interactions of Climate, Environment, and Society. Water, 15(10), 1965. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101965