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Volume 15
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10.3390/w15132474
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Article

Luminescence Toxicological Analysis of Water Supply Systems in Dispersed Rural Areas: A Case Study in Boyacá, Colombia

by
Yadi Johaira Ramos-Parra
1,2,*,
Jaime Díaz-Gómez
1,
Mónica Viviana Mesa-Torres
1,
Sergio David Torres-Piraquive
1,
Nohora Yaneth Zipa-Casas
3,
Sandra Suescún-Carrero
3 and
Mabel Medina-Alfonso
3
1
Research Group of Water Resources Management, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja 150001, Colombia
2
Grupo de Investigación en Energía, Ambiente y Desarrollo (EADE), Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
3
Secretaría de Salud de Boyacá, Grupo de Investigación del Laboratorio Departamental de Salud Pública, Tunja 150001, Colombia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2023, 15(13), 2474; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132474
Submission received: 25 May 2023 / Revised: 22 June 2023 / Accepted: 30 June 2023 / Published: 5 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drinking Water Quality and Health Risk Assessment)
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Abstract

The quality of water supply systems is still a major problem in developing countries, especially in rural areas. The acute bioluminescence V. fischeri inhibition assay is widely recognized as a toxicological method that can be used to detect the acute effects of different contaminants. In this study, the physicochemical characteristics and toxicology of 72 water samples collected in 18 rural aqueducts located in Boyacá (Colombia) were evaluated. The primary economic activities identified as potential influencers of water quality in the water supply basins were agriculture (n = 3), livestock (n = 2), and domestic sewage discharge (n = 1). The average luminescence inhibition rate was 66%, with a minimum of 29%, and a maximum of 97%. A total of 85% of the tested samples (n = 61) had “moderate acute hazard”, while 15% (n = 15) had “acute hazard”. A total of 95% of the aqueducts distributed water with high risk. There was a weak positive correlation between the apparent color and the V. fischeri inhibition rate (p < 0.05). The water treatments, including disinfection, and the economic activities had no correlation with the inhibition rate of luminescent bacteria. The results of this investigation can be used by sanitary authorities to incorporate future toxicological monitoring of chemical contaminants, such as humic substances and metals, into water-quality monitoring in rural areas.
Keywords: drinking water supply; bioassay; bioluminescence in Vibrio fischeri; rural area drinking water supply; bioassay; bioluminescence in Vibrio fischeri; rural area

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ramos-Parra, Y.J.; Díaz-Gómez, J.; Mesa-Torres, M.V.; Torres-Piraquive, S.D.; Zipa-Casas, N.Y.; Suescún-Carrero, S.; Medina-Alfonso, M. Luminescence Toxicological Analysis of Water Supply Systems in Dispersed Rural Areas: A Case Study in Boyacá, Colombia. Water 2023, 15, 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132474

AMA Style

Ramos-Parra YJ, Díaz-Gómez J, Mesa-Torres MV, Torres-Piraquive SD, Zipa-Casas NY, Suescún-Carrero S, Medina-Alfonso M. Luminescence Toxicological Analysis of Water Supply Systems in Dispersed Rural Areas: A Case Study in Boyacá, Colombia. Water. 2023; 15(13):2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132474

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramos-Parra, Yadi Johaira, Jaime Díaz-Gómez, Mónica Viviana Mesa-Torres, Sergio David Torres-Piraquive, Nohora Yaneth Zipa-Casas, Sandra Suescún-Carrero, and Mabel Medina-Alfonso. 2023. "Luminescence Toxicological Analysis of Water Supply Systems in Dispersed Rural Areas: A Case Study in Boyacá, Colombia" Water 15, no. 13: 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132474

APA Style

Ramos-Parra, Y. J., Díaz-Gómez, J., Mesa-Torres, M. V., Torres-Piraquive, S. D., Zipa-Casas, N. Y., Suescún-Carrero, S., & Medina-Alfonso, M. (2023). Luminescence Toxicological Analysis of Water Supply Systems in Dispersed Rural Areas: A Case Study in Boyacá, Colombia. Water, 15(13), 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132474

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