Phytoremediation Capacity of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a Nature-Based Solution for Contaminants and Physicochemical Characterization of Lake Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Area
2.2. Sample Sites
2.3. Lakes’ Water Physico-Chemical Variables Test
2.4. Lakes’ Water Quality Measurement by Physico-Chemical Character
2.5. Water Sampling
2.6. Sample Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of Wet and Dry Season Physico-Chemical Levels of Pollutants in the Lakes
3.2. The Effect of Water Hyacinth on the Physico-Chemical Levels of Pollutants in the Lakes
3.3. Comparison of the Physico-Chemical Levels of Pollutants in the Lakes at the Lake Covered by Water Hyacinth and Any Other Native Grasses
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Lakes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lake Koka | Lake Ziway | |||||||
Study sites | Site 1 SK1 | Site 2 SK2 | Site 3 SK3 | Site 4 SK4 | Site 1 SZ1 | Site 2 SZ2 | Site 3 SZ3 | Site 4 SZ4 |
Water hyacinth invasion or infestation level | Low (L) | Medium (M) | High (H) | Other grasses (G) | Low (L) | Medium (M) | High (H) | Other grasses (G) |
Label | SK1L | SK2M | SK3H | SK4G | SZ1L | SZ2M | SZ3H | SZ4G |
Lake Ziway | Season | WHO Stand | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wet | Dry | ||||||||
Parameters | SZ1L | SZ2M | SZ3H | SZ4G | SZ1L | SZ2M | SZ3H | SZ4G | |
Cr | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.05 |
Pb | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.05 |
Cd | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.01 |
Zn | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.59 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.01 |
Cu | ND | ND | ND | 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2 |
EC | 347.3 | 315 | 289 | 284.4 | 337.3 | 306 | 283.6 | 280.4 | 300 |
PO43-P | 24.7 | 17.1 | 13.1 | 28.8 | 0.6 | 0.60 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 5 |
NO3-N | 15.3 | 27.0 | 36.6 | 18.2 | 8.4 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 7.3 | 50 |
COD | 312 | 379 | 344 | 330.3 | 260 | 192 | 203 | 229 | 4.5 |
BOD5 | 6.4 | 7.8 | 9.7 | 11.2 | 18.3 | 11.7 | 15.2 | 16.7 | 2 |
pH | 6.5 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 7.9 | 6.5–8 |
T | 25.5 | 25.5 | 26.5 | 23 | 26 | 28.3 | 29 | 23 | 30 |
Lake Koka | Season | WHO Stand | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wet | Dry | ||||||||
Parameters | SK1L | SK2M | SK3H | SK4G | SK1L | SK2M | SK3H | SK4G | |
Cr | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.05 |
Pb | ND | ND | 0.08 | ND | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.05 |
Cd | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.01 |
Zn | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.72 | 0.01 |
Cu | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.07 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2 |
EC | 335.1 | 309 | 290.9 | 276.3 | 330.1 | 291 | 281.9 | 274.3 | 300 |
PO43-P | 16.1 | 16.2 | 24.8 | 29.1 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 4.5 | 5 |
NO3-N | 22.2 | 23.6 | 14.1 | 21.1 | 8.3 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 7.6 | 50 |
COD | 291.0 | 263 | 333.7 | 323 | 246 | 536 | 264 | 305 | 4.5 |
BOD5 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 26.25 | 37.5 | 22.5 | 31.5 | 2 |
pH | 6.9 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 7.6 | 6.5–8 |
T | 28.5 | 28.5 | 29.5 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 26 | 30 |
Lakes | Parameters | Wet | Dry | ANOVA Seasonal |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
Koka | Cr | NA | NA | NA |
Pb | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.07 | * 0.00 | |
Cd | NA | NA | NA | |
Zn | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.47 ± 0.17 | * 0.01 | |
Cu | 0.07 ± 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.13 | |
EC | 302.85 ± 25.32 | 294.35 ± 24.79 | 0.65 | |
PO43-P | 21.55 ± 6.47 | 2.52 ± 1.64 | * 0.01 | |
NO3-N | 20.25 ± 4.226 | 9.32 ± 1.62 | * 0.03 | |
COD | 302.67 ± 32.07 | 337.75 ± 134.45 | 0.63 | |
BOD5 | 8.4 ± 0.88 | 29.44 ± 6.52 | * 0.01 | |
pH | 6.35 ± 1.07 | 6.4 ± 1.03 | 0.95 | |
T | 27.87 ± 1.97 | 27.5 ± 1.29 | 0.76 | |
Ziway | Cr | NA | NA | NA |
Pb | 0.00 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | * 0.00 | |
Cd | NA | NA | NA | |
Zn | 0.067 ± 0.032 | 0.52 ± 0.095 | * 0.00 | |
Cu | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.36 | |
EC | 308.92 ± 28.91 | 301.85 ± 26.23 | 0.73 | |
PO43-P | 20.925 ± 7.12 | 0.7 ± 0.12 | * 0.01 | |
NO3-N | 24.275 ± 9.61 | 8.7 ± 1.08 | * 0.02 | |
COD | 341.32 ± 28.33 | 221 ± 30.28 | * 0.01 | |
BOD5 | 8.77 ± 2.11 | 15.47 ± 2.82 | * 0.01 | |
pH | 6.57 ± 0.85 | 6.32 ± 1.07 | 0.73 | |
T | 25.12 ± 1.49 | 26.32 ± 2.53 | 0.45 |
Parameter | SK1L | SK2M | SK3H | ANOVA Spatial |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Cr W | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Cr D | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Pb W | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.111 | 0.21 |
Pb D | 0.49 ± 0.12 | 0.66 ± 0.05 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.08 |
Cd W | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Cd D | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Zn W | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.027 ± 0.06 | * 0.00 |
Zn D | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | * 0.01 |
Cu W | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.79 |
Cu D | NA | NA | NA | NA |
EC W | 335 ± 4.58 | 309 ± 3.61 | 291 ± 2.00 | * 0.00 |
EC D | 330 ± 3.46 | 291 ± 1.73 | 282 ± 1.00 | * 0.00 |
PO43-P W | 3.17 ± 0.18 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 1.47 ± 0.07 | * 0.00 |
PO43-P D | 16.13 ± 0.06 | 16.20 ± 0.17 | 24.73 ± 0.06 | * 0.00 |
NO3-N W | 22.17 ± 0.15 | 23.60 ± 0.2 | 14.13 ± 0.41 | * 0.00 |
NO3-N D | 8.3 ± 0.20 | 10.80 ± 0.01 | 10.57 ± 0.06 | * 0.00 |
COD W | 291 ± 2.00 | 263 ± 1.00 | 333.67 ± 3.23 | * 0.00 |
COD D | 246 ± 0.01 | 535.67 ± 0.58 | 263.67 ± 0.58 | * 0.00 |
BOD5 W | 8.33 ± 0.15 | 7.50 ± 0.10 | 9.6 ± 0.36 | * 0.01 |
BOD5 D | 26.25 ± 0.25 | 37.50 ± 0.10 | 22.5 ± 0.10 | * 0.00 |
pH W | 6.43 ± 0.40 | 5.87 ± 0.12 | 5.1 ± 0.10 | * 0.02 |
pH D | 6.83 ± 0.06 | 5.37 ± 0.15 | 5.4 ± 0.35 | * 0.02 |
T W | 28 ± 1.00 | 28.5 ± 0.50 | 29.33 ± 0.58 | 0.16 |
TD | 27 ± 1.00 | 28 ± 0.00 | 28.67 ± 1.16 | 0.15 |
Parameter | SZ1L | SZ2M | SZ3H | ANOVA Spatial |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Cr W | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Cr D | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Pb W | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Pb D | 0.693 ± 0.07 | 0.69 ± 0.045 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.97 |
Cd W | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Cd D | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Zn W | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | * 0.02 |
Zn D | 0.59 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.01 | * 0.00 |
Cu W | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Cu D | NA | NA | NA | NA |
EC W | 347.33 ± 4.16 | 315.33 ± 4.04 | 289 ± 1 | * 0.000 |
EC D | 337.33 ± 4.16 | 306.33 ± 5.51 | 283.67 ± 5.508 | * 0.000 |
PO43-P W | 0.64 ± 0.02 | 0.6 ± 0.01 | 0.79 ± 0.02 | * 0.000 |
PO43-P D | 24.73 ± 0.06 | 17.1 ± 0.01 | 13.13 ± 0.058 | * 0.000 |
NO3-N W | 15.27 ± 0.38 | 26.97 ± 0.35 | 36.63 ± 1.159 | * 0.000 |
NO3-N D | 8.40 ± 0.20 | 9.53 ± 0.06 | 9.6 ± 0.001 | * 0.000 |
COD W | 312.33 ± 1.16 | 378.67 ± 2.52 | 344 ± 53.703 | 0.102 |
COD D | 260.00 ± 2.65 | 192 ± 2 | 203 ± 0.001 | * 0.000 |
BOD5 W | 6.40 ± 0.46 | 7.87 ± 0.15 | 9.7 ± 0.1 | * 0.000 |
BOD5 D | 18.30 ± 0.20 | 11.7 ± 0.01 | 15.13 ± 0.058 | * 0.000 |
pH W | 6.83 ± 0.29 | 6 ± 0.5 | 6 ± 0.866 | 0.226 |
pH D | 6.07 ± 0.31 | 5.87 ± 0.12 | 5.33 ± 0.416 | 0.061 |
T W | 25.33 ± 0.29 | 25.33 ± 1.16 | 26.67 ± 0.289 | 0.096 |
T D | 25.50 ± 0.50 | 27.33 ± 0.58 | 28.83 ± 0.764 | * 0.002 |
Lakes | Parameters | Hyacinth Infested | Other Native Grass Covered the Lake | ANOVA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
Koka | Cr W | NA | NA | NA |
Cr D | NA | NA | NA | |
Pb W | NA | NA | NA | |
Pb D | 0.57 ± 0.10 | 0.54 | 0.59 | |
Cd W | NA | NA | NA | |
Cd D | NA | NA | NA | |
Zn W | 0.08 ± 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.09 | |
Zn D | 0.39 | 0.72 | * 0.01 | |
Cu W | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | |
Cu D | NA | NA | NA | |
EC W | 311.67 ± 22.12 | 276.33 ± 32.12 | 0.06 | |
EC D | 301 ± 25.51 | 274.33 ± 3.51 | 0.15 | |
PO43-P W | 1.87 ± 1.19 | 4.51 ± 0.14 | * 0.03 | |
PO43-P D | 19.03 ± 4.99 | 29.13 ± 0.01 | * 0.025 | |
NO3-N W | 19.93 ± 5.19 | 21.07 ± 0.30 | 0.73 | |
NO3-N D | 9.9 ± 1.39 | 7.6 ± 0.01 | * 0.05 | |
COD W | 295.67 ± 35.23 | 323.33 ± 1.15 | 0.25 | |
COD D | 348.67 ± 162.48 | 303.33 ± 3.05 | 0.65 | |
BOD5 W | 8.5 ± 1.05 | 8.13 ± 0.01 | 0.58 | |
BOD5 D | 28.73 ± 7.81 | 31.47 ± 0.01 | 0.58 | |
pH W | 5.97 ± 0.91 | 7.43 ± 0.01 | * 0.05 | |
pH D | 6 ± 0.78 | 7.4 ± 0.20 | * 0.04 | |
T W | 28.83 ± 0.57 | 25 ± 1.00 | * 0.01 | |
T D | 28 ± 1.00 | 25.67 ± 0.57 | * 0.025 | |
Ziway | Cr W | NA | NA | NA |
Cr D | NA | NA | NA | |
Pb W | NA | NA | NA | |
Pb D | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.10 | |
Cd W | NA | NA | NA | |
Cd D | NA | NA | NA | |
Zn W | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.09 | |
Zn D | 0.513 ± 0.12 | 0.51 | 0.93 | |
Cu W | NA | NA | NA | |
Cu D | NA | NA | NA | |
EC W | 317 ± 29.051 | 284.33 ± 0.57 | 0.13 | |
EC D | 309 ± 26.63 | 280.33 ± 0.57 | 0.14 | |
PO43-P W | 0.667 ± 0.11 | 0.77 ± 0.01 | 0.20 | |
PO43-P D | 18.3 ± 5.89 | 28.77 ± 0.01 | * 0.04 | |
NO3-N W | 26.3 ± 10.67 | 18.2 ± 0.30 | 0.26 | |
NO3-N D | 9.17 ± 0.66 | 7.3 ± 0.10 | * 0.01 | |
COD W | 345 ± 33.51 | 330.33 ± 1.53 | 0.49 | |
COD D | 218.33 ± 36.50 | 229 ± 0.01 | 0.64 | |
BOD5 W | 7.97 ± 1.66 | 11.2 ± 0.10 | * 0.028 | |
BOD5 D | 15.07 ± 3.30 | 16.67 ± 0.01 | 0.45 | |
pH W | 6.17 ± 0.28 | 7.73 ± 0.14 | * 0.01 | |
pH D | 5.80 ± 0.26 | 7.9 ± 0.01 | * 0.00 | |
T W | 25.83 ± 0.57 | 22.67 ± 0.57 | * 0.01 | |
T D | 27.43 ± 1.50 | 23 ± 1.00 | * 0.03 |
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Churko, E.E.; Nhamo, L.; Chitakira, M. Phytoremediation Capacity of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a Nature-Based Solution for Contaminants and Physicochemical Characterization of Lake Water. Water 2023, 15, 2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142540
Churko EE, Nhamo L, Chitakira M. Phytoremediation Capacity of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a Nature-Based Solution for Contaminants and Physicochemical Characterization of Lake Water. Water. 2023; 15(14):2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142540
Chicago/Turabian StyleChurko, Esayas Elias, Luxon Nhamo, and Munyaradzi Chitakira. 2023. "Phytoremediation Capacity of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a Nature-Based Solution for Contaminants and Physicochemical Characterization of Lake Water" Water 15, no. 14: 2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142540