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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Frozen Layer on Composite Erosion of Snowmelt and Rainfall in the Typical Black Soil of Northeast China
by
Qing Bai
Qing Bai
Lili Zhou
Lili Zhou
Prof. Dr. Lili Zhou is a professor at the School of Forestry, at Shenyang Agricultural University. [...]
Prof. Dr. Lili Zhou is a professor at the School of Forestry, at Shenyang Agricultural University. She received her master's and doctorate degrees from Shenyang Agricultural University in 2007 and 2010, respectively. She graduated from Shenyang Agricultural University in July 2002 and stayed at the school to teach. She was promoted to associate professor in 2013 and professor in 2020. She is currently the professional director of soil and water conservation and desertification control. She has been selected for the Liaoning Provincial Outstanding Talent Support Program, the Liaoning Provincial Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talent Training Program in the Agricultural Field, Shenyang Top Talent, Shenyang Agricultural University’s Top Ten Youth Teaching and Research Position Experts, and Tianzhu Mountain Youth Backbone Teacher.
Haoming Fan
Haoming Fan
Prof. Dr. Haoming Fan is a professor at the School of Forestry of Shenyang Agricultural University, [...]
Prof. Dr. Haoming Fan is a professor at the School of Forestry of Shenyang Agricultural University, and also the vice president of the School of Water Resources. He is also a director of the Chinese Society of Environmental Resources and Ecological Conservation, a member of the Chinese Society of Soil and Water Conservation, a member of the World Society of Soil and Water Conservation, and a member of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. He graduated from Northwest Agricultural University in July 1997, obtained a master's degree from the School of Water Resources of Shenyang Agricultural University in July 2002, and obtained a doctorate in physical geography from the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005. Since then, he has worked at Shenyang Agricultural University since July 1997 and was promoted to professor in July 2014. His research interests include soil erosion; the migration patterns of sediment and pollutants in watersheds.
Donghao Huang
Donghao Huang
Defeng Yang
Defeng Yang
Hui Liu
Hui Liu
1
College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
2
Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Control and Ecological Restoration in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 10086, China
3
College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2024, 16(15), 2131; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152131 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 26 June 2024
/
Revised: 23 July 2024
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Accepted: 26 July 2024
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Published: 27 July 2024
Abstract
Abstract: Composite erosion caused by snowmelt and rainfall causes considerable soil loss during spring thawing. However, research on the impact of frozen soil layers (FSL) on composite erosion is lacking. Therefore, indoor simulation experiments were conducted on soil conditions of 0 cm (unfrozen soil, FSLUN) and 3 cm thawing depths to explore the influence of FSL on composite erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China. Three snowmelt runoff (SR) discharges (0.34 L min−1, 0.5 L min−1, and 0.67 L min−1), three rainfall (RF) intensities (80 mm h−1, 120 mm h−1, and 160 mm h−1), and three snowmelt‒rainfall interactions (SRI; 0.34 L min−1‒80 mm h−1, 0.5 L min−1‒120 mm h−1, and 0.67 L min−1‒160 mm h−1) were used in this study. The results indicate that FSL advanced the initial erosion times of SR, RF, and SRI by 42.06%, 43.33%, and 45.83%, respectively. FSL increased the soil erosion rate (SER) of SRI by 1.2 (1.0‒1.6) times that of unfrozen soil, which was smaller than that of SR (16.3, 5.6‒25.0) and RF (1.7, 1.6‒1.9), indicating that the interaction had an inhibitory effect on the increase in water erosion in the frozen layer. Under FSL and FSLUN conditions, RF erosion was 1.5‒4.1 times and 14.5‒24.3 times greater than SR erosion. The SRI erosion was not a simple linear superposition of multiple types of single-phase erosion; it had a significant nonlinear superposition amplification effect (SAE), with SAE of ~100% and ~300% under frozen and unfrozen soil conditions. Flow velocity (0.11 < R2 < 0.68), stream power (0.28 < R2 < 0.88), and energy consumption (0.21 < R2 < 0.87) exhibited significant (p < 0.05) linear relationships with SER in both FSL and FSLUN. The research results deepen our understanding of the composite erosion process during the spring thawing period in the black soil region of Northeast China and provide a basis for the prevention and control of soil erosion in the region.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Bai, Q.; Zhou, L.; Fan, H.; Huang, D.; Yang, D.; Liu, H.
Effects of Frozen Layer on Composite Erosion of Snowmelt and Rainfall in the Typical Black Soil of Northeast China. Water 2024, 16, 2131.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152131
AMA Style
Bai Q, Zhou L, Fan H, Huang D, Yang D, Liu H.
Effects of Frozen Layer on Composite Erosion of Snowmelt and Rainfall in the Typical Black Soil of Northeast China. Water. 2024; 16(15):2131.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152131
Chicago/Turabian Style
Bai, Qing, Lili Zhou, Haoming Fan, Donghao Huang, Defeng Yang, and Hui Liu.
2024. "Effects of Frozen Layer on Composite Erosion of Snowmelt and Rainfall in the Typical Black Soil of Northeast China" Water 16, no. 15: 2131.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152131
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