Fine-Resolution Wetland Mapping in the Yellow River Basin Using Sentinel-1/2 Data via Zoning-Based Random Forest with Remote Sensing Feature Preferences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Dataset
2.2.1. Remote Sensing Images
2.2.2. Sample Data
2.2.3. Auxiliary Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Features Extraction
2.3.2. The Method of Analyzing Separability between Wetland Sub-Categories
2.3.3. Importance of Remote Sensing Classification Features
2.3.4. Wetland Classification in the YRB
2.3.5. Accuracy Assessment of YRB Wetland Classification Results
3. Results
3.1. Selection of Remote Sensing Features for Wetlands
3.1.1. Separability of Wetland Sub-Categories Characterized by Different Features
3.1.2. Jeffries–Matusita (JM) Distances between Pairs of Wetland Sub-Categories
3.1.3. Variable Importance Measures of the RF Model and the Overall Accuracy of Different Feature Combinations
3.2. Accuracy Assessment of the YRB Wetland Classification Results
3.3. Spatial Pattern of Different Wetland Sub-Categories in the YRB
4. Discussion
4.1. Intercomparison between Wetlands in This Study and Existing Products
4.2. Limitations and Future Improvements
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Wetland Types | JM > 1.8 | Wetland Types | JM > 1.8 | Wetland Types | JM > 1.8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paddy rice and water body | MNDWI_P50 | Water body and swamp | NDVIre1_P80 | B5_P50 | |
RNDWI_P50 | NDre2_P80 | VH_P50 | |||
B11_P50 | EVI_P80 | B2_P20 | |||
RNDWI_P20 | MNDWI_P80 | B3_P20 | |||
MNDWI_P80 | NDre1_P80 | B4_P20 | |||
RDVI_P80 | DVI_P80 | VH_P20 | |||
Paddy rice and swamp | B2_P50 | VH_P80 | NDWI_P20 | ||
B3_P50 | Seasonal marsh and tidal flat | B2_P50 | B2_P80 | ||
B2_P20 | B3_P50 | Swamp and tidal flat | B3_P80 | ||
B2_P80 | B4_P50 | B4_P80 | |||
Water body and seasonal marsh | NDVI_P80 | B2_P20 | NDVI_P80 | ||
Water body and swamp | VH_P50 | B3_P20 | NDre1_P80 | ||
SAR_Sum_P50 | B4_P20 | NDVIre1_P80 | |||
NDVI_P50 | NDVI_P80 | B5_P80 | |||
RDVI_P50 | Swamp and floodplain | B4_P50 | RDVI_P80 | ||
NDVIre1_P50 | B3_P50 | NDre2_P80 | |||
MNDWI_P50 | B3_P20 | RVI_P80 | |||
EVI_P50 | B4_P20 | Swamp and salt marsh | B2_P50 | ||
SAR_Sum_P20 | B2_P20 | B3_P50 | |||
VH_P20 | Swamp and tidal flat | B2_P50 | B2_P20 | ||
NDVI_P80 | B3_P50 | B3_P20 | |||
RDVI_P80 | B4_P50 | B2_P80 |
Wetland Types | 1.4 < JM < 1.8 | Wetland Types | 1.4 < JM < 1.8 | Wetland Types | 1.4 < JM < 1.8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paddy rice and seasonal marsh | B2_P50 | Water body and salt marsh | EVI_P50 | Seasonal marsh and floodplain | B4_P50 |
Paddy rice and floodplain | NDVI_P80 | NDVI_P50 | B3_P50 | ||
NDre2_P80 | DVI_P50 | B4_P20 | |||
NDre1_P80 | RNDWI_P50 | B3_P20 | |||
EVI_P80 | NDVIre2_P50 | NDVI_P80 | |||
RDVI_P80 | VV_P50 | NDre2_P80 | |||
NDVIre1_P80 | NDWI_P50 | NDre1_P80 | |||
DVI_P80 | NDre2_P50 | NDVIre1_P80 | |||
Paddy rice and tidal flat | VH_P50 | SAR_Sum_P20 | Permanent marsh and floodplain | NDWI_B_P20 | |
NDWI_P20 | RVI_P20 | B4_P20 | |||
B2_P20 | B11_P20 | NDWI_B_P50 | |||
B3_P20 | NDVIre1_P20 | Permanent marsh & Swamp | VH_P20 | ||
NDVI_P80 | VV_P20 | LSWI_P20 | |||
RDVI_P80 | NDVI_P20 | SAR_Sum_P20 | |||
NDre1_P80 | RDVI_P20 | Floodplain & Salt marsh | NDWI_B_P20 | ||
DVI_P80 | MNDWI_P20 | Tidal flat and salt marsh | VH_P50 | ||
EVI_P80 | VH_P20 | B3_P50 | |||
NDre2_P80 | RNDWI_P20 | B3_P20 | |||
NDVIre1_P80 | NDVIre2_P20 | VH_P20 | |||
RVI_P80 | NDre2_P20 | B2_P20 | |||
VH_P80 | NDre1_P20 | VH_P80 | |||
B8_P80 | B8_P20 | B3_P80 | |||
Water body and permanent marsh | NDVI_P50 | MNDWI_P80 | NDre1_P80 | ||
NDVI_P80 | VH_P80 | NDre2_P80 | |||
NDre2_P80 | EVI_P80 | NDVI_P80 | |||
RDVI_P80 | RDVI_P80 | NDVIre1_P80 | |||
NDVIre1_P80 | NDre2_P80 | RVI_P80 | |||
NDre1_P80 | NDVIre1_P80 | EVI_P80 | |||
RVI_P80 | NDVI_P80 | RDVI_P80 | |||
Water body and salt marsh | MNDWI_P50 | DVI_P80 | Permanent marsh & Salt marsh | B4_P50 | |
VH_P50 | NDWI_P80 | B2_P50 | |||
SAR_Sum_P50 | SAR_Sum_P80 | B3_P50 | |||
B11_P50 | NDre1_P80 | NDWI_B_P50 | |||
RDVI_P50 | RVI_P80 | B4_P20 | |||
RVI_P50 | Seasonal marsh and salt marsh | B2_P50 | B3_P20 | ||
NDVIre1_P50 | B2_P20 | B2_P20 |
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Category I | Category II | Description | Sample Number | Google Earth Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wetlands | Seasonal marshes | During the dry season, areas characterized by grassland features are classified as non-wetlands, while areas along water with bare soil/sand become wetlands when covered by water during the rainy season. | 597 | |
Permanent marshes | Natural wetlands dominated by herbaceous vegetation in inland areas. | 386 | ||
Swamps | Natural wetlands with shrubs dominating the landscape, with greater than 10% vegetative cover. | 537 | ||
Salt marshes | Natural wetlands in coastal areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation. | 630 | ||
Floodplains | Inland wetlands that are inundated by water during the high-water periods of the year and exposed during the low-water periods have less than 10% vegetation cover. | 530 | ||
Tidal flats | Intertidal zones with no or very low vegetation coverage, including beaches, rocky shores, and coral reefs, as well as land exposed during low tide, serve as transition zones between water bodies and vegetation. | 598 | ||
Rice paddies | Artificially planted rice paddies are submerged during the transplanting period. | 799 | ||
Water bodies | Water bodies | Water bodies, including rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, are covered by water for more than 9 months. | 1027 |
Remote Sensing Features | Feature Name | Sentinel-1/2 Calculation Formula |
---|---|---|
Spectral Features | Band | B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B11, B12 |
Vegetation Indices | NDVI | |
EVI | ||
RDVI | ||
RVI | ||
DVI | ||
Water Body Indices | NDWI | |
NDWI_B | ||
MNDWI | ||
RNDWI | ||
LSWI | ||
Red-Edge Indices | NDVIre1 | |
NDVIre2 | ||
NDre1 | ||
NDre2 | ||
CIre | ||
Polarization indices | SAR_Diff | |
SAR_Sum | ||
VVrVH | ||
SAR_NDVI |
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Huo, X.; Niu, Z. Fine-Resolution Wetland Mapping in the Yellow River Basin Using Sentinel-1/2 Data via Zoning-Based Random Forest with Remote Sensing Feature Preferences. Water 2024, 16, 2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172415
Huo X, Niu Z. Fine-Resolution Wetland Mapping in the Yellow River Basin Using Sentinel-1/2 Data via Zoning-Based Random Forest with Remote Sensing Feature Preferences. Water. 2024; 16(17):2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172415
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuo, Xuanlin, and Zhenguo Niu. 2024. "Fine-Resolution Wetland Mapping in the Yellow River Basin Using Sentinel-1/2 Data via Zoning-Based Random Forest with Remote Sensing Feature Preferences" Water 16, no. 17: 2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172415