Characterization of Nanoparticles in Drinking Water Using Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled with Multi-Angle Light Scattering and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory
2.1. Field Flow Fractionation
2.2. Calcium Carbonate Nucleation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. AF4-UV-MALS-ICP-MS Instrumentation and Software
3.2. Water Sample Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plasma Torch RF Power/W | Plasma Torch Nebulizer Flow/L min−1 | Plasma Torch Auxiliary Flow/L min−1 | Plasma Torch Coolant Flow/L min−1 | Quadrupole Dwell Time/s | Peri-Pump Flow Rate/mL min−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1550 | 1.07 | 0.8 | 14 | 0.01 | ~0.19 |
Company | Sample Label | Information on the Origin of the Water |
---|---|---|
A | A1 | Treated groundwater (Cascade aeration → Pellet softening → Multilayer filtration) |
A2 | Treated groundwater (Limited aeration → Rapid marble filtration → Aeration → Rapid sand filtration) | |
B | B1 | Treated groundwater (Cascade aeration → Rapid sand filtration) |
B2 | Treated groundwater (Cascade aeration → Rapid sand filtration) | |
C | C1 | Bottled drinking water |
C2 | Untreated mountain spring water (source for C1) |
Analysis | A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | C1 | C2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TOC/mg L−1 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
IC/mg L−1 | 35.3 | 29.1 | 54.1 | 39.4 | 34.9 | 36.8 |
Al3+/µg L−1 | 6.3 | <5.00 | 5.32 | 13.7 | <5.00 | <5.00 |
Ba2+/µg L−1 | 14.8 | 15.3 | 32.6 | 17.4 | 56.3 | 56.7 |
Cu2+/µg L−1 | 2.8 | 2.19 | 68.9 | 3.87 | 27.4 | 30.1 |
Mg2+/µg L−1 | 6560 | 4360 | 9620 | 9510 | >10,000 | >10,000 |
Sr2+/µg L−1 | 144 | 129 | 391 | 289 | 167 | 174 |
Zn2+/µg L−1 | 2.1 | 1.93 | 2.32 | 2.02 | 5.45 | 2.77 |
pH | 7.68 | 7.61 | 7.82 | 7.90 | 7.85 | 7.63 |
EC/µS cm−1 | 355.7 | 402.0 | 542.3 | 514.3 | 377.0 | 394.0 |
Turbidity/NTUs | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Color (Hazen) | 4 | 4 | 10 | 7 | 1 | 4 |
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Zarei, T.; Colombo, M.B.A.; Fuchs, E.C.; Offerhaus, H.L.; Gebauer, D.; Agostinho, L.L.F. Characterization of Nanoparticles in Drinking Water Using Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled with Multi-Angle Light Scattering and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Water 2024, 16, 2419. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172419
Zarei T, Colombo MBA, Fuchs EC, Offerhaus HL, Gebauer D, Agostinho LLF. Characterization of Nanoparticles in Drinking Water Using Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled with Multi-Angle Light Scattering and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Water. 2024; 16(17):2419. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172419
Chicago/Turabian StyleZarei, Talie, Marcos B. A. Colombo, Elmar C. Fuchs, Herman L. Offerhaus, Denis Gebauer, and Luewton L. F. Agostinho. 2024. "Characterization of Nanoparticles in Drinking Water Using Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled with Multi-Angle Light Scattering and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry" Water 16, no. 17: 2419. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172419