A Spatial–Seasonal Study on the Danube River in the Adjacent Danube Delta Area: Case Study—Monitored Heavy Metals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- -
- Biodiversity loss: the Delta is home to many rare and endangered species of plants and animals [8], but these are threatened by habitat loss [5], fragmentation, degradation, invasive species, overfishing [13], hunting and climate change. Some of the species at risk include the sturgeon [27], pelican, pygmy cormorant and red-breasted goose [28].
- -
- Land use transformations: the Delta has been altered by human activities such as drainage, irrigation, rehabilitation, deforestation and urbanization [5], which have reduced natural wetlands [8] and floodplains and increased the risk of erosion [29], salinization and desertification. These changes have also affected the livelihoods and culture of local communities that depend on the Delta’s resources [19].
- -
- Organic pollution and microplastics: the Danube River and its Delta are polluted with various organic contaminants [24,28], such as pesticides [6], pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal care products, which can have negative effects on the health of organisms and the ecosystem [27]. In addition, the river and Delta are also contaminated with microplastics [28], which are small plastic particles that can accumulate in the environment and food chain and pose a threat to wildlife and human health [6].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Water and Sediment Sampling Methodology
2.2.2. Methodology for Statistical Analysis
2.2.3. Methodology for Numerical Analysis
- Step 1:
- A definition of the parameters that describe the distribution of pollution sources—the initial distribution—is made.
- Step 2:
- A monitoring point is considered—starting with the first upstream point and continuing successively downstream.
- Step 3:
- Enter the parameters related to the local sources and perform the numerical simulation—HEC—RAS two-dimensional.
- Step 4:
- The downstream concentrations are evaluated, and the comparison is made with the measured ones, determining the quantities to be applied for correction.
- Step 5:
- Change the concentrations from the upstream points to adjust the difference and repeat step 3.
3. Results
3.1. Data Analysis
3.2. Statistical Approach
Descriptive Statistics
3.3. PCA Method Analysis
3.4. Cluster Method Analysis
3.5. PCA Method Analysis for Metals Samples
3.6. Numerical Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. PCA Method Analysis
4.2. Numerical Approach
- -
- A complex analysis of the bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments using high-performance analytical methods such as inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) from our laboratory.
- -
- An assessment of factors influencing the sorption and mobility of heavy metals in soils and their mechanisms of accumulation.
- -
- A comparison of different technologies for the remediation of soils polluted with heavy metals, such as in situ or ex situ physico-chemical processes, or bioremediation using microorganisms or plants.
5. Conclusions
- In conclusion, the present paper presents the possibility of modeling the distribution of heavy metal concentrations over a much greater distance than in previous cases.
- It was possible to identify some locations of point pollution sources, and the existence of a downstream mitigation phenomenon could be highlighted.
- It was possible to highlight the self-purification capacity of the Danube, which was also demonstrated in the studies carried out 15 years ago.
- An evaluation of the coefficients for reducing the concentrations of polluting factors could be carried out.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code/Name | Station | GPS Coordinates [d.d.] |
---|---|---|
P1 | City water Danube Pump Station—on the Danube course—upstream of the mineral port of the steel complex | 45.37261173; 28.02879381 |
P2 | Siret River monitoring point—on the Siret River upstream course | 45.40016436; 27.9973168 |
P3 | Siret River confluence with Danube River monitoring point | 45.40848419; 28.027358 |
P4 | Libertatea restaurant monitoring point—on the Danube course—next to the municipal tourist area | 45.42957954; 28.05900221 |
P5 | Damen Shipyard downstream monitoring point—on the Danube course | 45.43628888; 28.13124235 |
P6 | Cotul Pisicii recreation area monitoring point—on the Danube course | 45.41873878; 28.19135779 |
P7 | Prut River—Giurgiulesti monitoring point—on the Prut River upstream course | 45.48016; 28.185536 |
P8 | Prut River confluence with Danube River monitoring point | 45.46528806; 28.23220795 |
P9 | Ukrainian shipyard Reni monitoring point—on the Danube course | 45.38315546; 28.29554717 |
P10 | Ukrainian passing border Isaccea monitoring point—on the Danube course | 45.28405785; 28.45693996 |
Station | Aluminum (µg/L) | Arsenic (µg/L) | Beryllium (µg/L) | Cadmium (µg/L) | Chromium (µg/L) | Phosphate—P-PO4 (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 14.468 | 0.002 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.008 | 1.027 | 0.080 |
P2 | 19.670 | 0.001 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.004 | 0.764 | 0.040 |
P3 | 46.890 | 0.002 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.021 | 1.280 | 0.070 |
P4 | 15.704 | 0.002 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.016 | 1.605 | 0.140 |
P5 | 38.868 | 0.002 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.016 | 1.239 | 0.090 |
P6 | 17.214 | 0.001 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.008 | 1.123 | 0.070 |
P7 | 24.168 | 0.001 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.038 | 1.291 | 0.050 |
P8 | 8.665 | 0.001 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.004 | 0.771 | 0.070 |
P9 | 28.889 | 0.001 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.020 | 2.318 | 0.080 |
P10 | 32.650 | 0.002 | <LOD (<0.5 ng/L) | 0.019 | 1.694 | 0.080 |
July Database | October Database | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Valid N | Mean | Median | Min. | Max. | Std. Dev. | Std. Error | Mean | Median | Min. | Max. | Std. Dev. | Std. Error |
Phosphate | 10 | 0.07700 | 0.07500 | 0.0400 | 0.14000 | 0.02669 | 0.008439 | 0.05400 | 0.0600 | 0.0100 | 0.070 | 0.01713 | 0.005416 |
CCO | 10 | 13.59000 | 10.9000 | 7.5000 | 33.40000 | 7.99617 | 2.528612 | 12.76000 | 10.200 | 7.1000 | 30.300 | 7.23559 | 2.288095 |
CBO5 | 10 | 25.46000 | 24.7500 | 22.400 | 29.70000 | 2.59410 | 0.820325 | 23.11000 | 23.2500 | 20.300 | 27.100 | 2.16920 | 0.685962 |
NH4+ | 10 | 0.83300 | 0.88500 | 0.340 | 1.00000 | 0.19166 | 0.060609 | 0.79700 | 0.7700 | 0.6400 | 1.060 | 0.13392 | 0.042349 |
N-NO2 | 10 | 0.01630 | 0.01500 | 0.0130 | 0.02000 | 0.00267 | 0.000844 | 0.00860 | 0.0085 | 0.0070 | 0.0110 | 0.00126 | 0.000400 |
N-NO3− | 10 | 0.64000 | 0.65000 | 0.500 | 0.80000 | 0.13499 | 0.042687 | 0.30000 | 0.3000 | 0.1000 | 0.500 | 0.13333 | 0.042164 |
N-Total | 10 | 1.81000 | 1.80000 | 1.500 | 2.00000 | 0.16633 | 0.052599 | 2.40000 | 2.5500 | 0.5000 | 3.700 | 1.08115 | 0.341890 |
P-PO4 3− | 10 | 0.07700 | 0.07500 | 0.040 | 0.14000 | 0.02669 | 0.008439 | 0.05400 | 0.0600 | 0.0100 | 0.070 | 0.01713 | 0.005416 |
SO42− | 10 | 27.40000 | 21.0000 | 19.000 | 61.00000 | 14.04121 | 4.440220 | 44.70000 | 41.000 | 38.000 | 71.00 | 9.91127 | 3.134220 |
Cl− | 10 | 28.70000 | 25.0000 | 22.000 | 57.00000 | 10.45679 | 3.306727 | 39.90000 | 41.500 | 22.000 | 57.000 | 10.26807 | 3.247050 |
phenols | 10 | 0.03600 | 0.03000 | 0.030 | 0.08000 | 0.01578 | 0.004989 | 0.05800 | 0.060 | 0.010 | 0.100 | 0.02741 | 0.008667 |
Group 1—July vs. Group 2—Oct | Mean Group 1 | Mean Group 2 | t-Value | df | p | t Separ. Var. Est. | df | P 2-Sided | Std. Dev. Group 1 | Std. Dev. Group 2 | F-Ratio Variances | p Variances |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phosphate July–Phosphate Oct | 0.07700 | 0.05400 | 2.2936 | 18 | 0.034064 | 2.2936 | 15.33828 | 0.036325 | 0.02669 | 0.01713 | 2 | 0.202485 |
CCO July vs. CCO Oct | 13.59000 | 12.76000 | 0.2434 | 18 | 0.810456 | 0.2434 | 17.82312 | 0.810483 | 7.99617 | 7.23559 | 1 | 0.770730 |
CBO5 July vs. CBO5 Oct | 25.46000 | 23.11000 | 2.1976 | 18 | 0.041303 | 2.1976 | 17.45324 | 0.041738 | 2.59410 | 2.16920 | 1 | 0.602631 |
NH4+ July vs. NH4+ Oct | 0.83300 | 0.79700 | 0.4869 | 18 | 0.632211 | 0.4869 | 16.09645 | 0.632899 | 0.19166 | 0.13392 | 2 | 0.300431 |
N-NO2 July vs. N-NO2 Oct | 0.01630 | 0.00860 | 8.2447 | 18 | 0.000000 | 8.2447 | 12.84941 | 0.000002 | 0.00267 | 0.00126 | 4 | 0.036529 |
N-NO3− July vs. N-NO3− Oct | 0.64000 | 0.30000 | 5.6667 | 18 | 0.000022 | 5.6667 | 17.99726 | 0.000022 | 0.13499 | 0.13333 | 1 | 0.971262 |
N-Total July vs. N-Total Oct | 1.81000 | 2.40000 | −1.7056 | 18 | 0.105272 | −1.7056 | 9.42581 | 0.120742 | 0.16633 | 1.08115 | 42 | 0.000005 |
P-PO4 3− July vs. P-PO4 3− Oct | 0.07700 | 0.05400 | 2.2936 | 18 | 0.034064 | 2.2936 | 15.33828 | 0.036325 | 0.02669 | 0.01713 | 2 | 0.202485 |
SO42− July vs. SO42− Oct | 27.40000 | 44.70000 | −3.1831 | 18 | 0.005150 | −3.1831 | 16.18487 | 0.005713 | 14.04121 | 9.91127 | 2 | 0.314085 |
Cl− July vs. Cl− Oct | 28.70000 | 39.90000 | −2.4167 | 18 | 0.026502 | −2.4167 | 17.99403 | 0.026505 | 10.45679 | 10.26807 | 1 | 0.957620 |
phenols July vs. phenols Oct | 0.03600 | 0.05800 | −2.2000 | 18 | 0.041109 | −2.2000 | 14.37439 | 0.044629 | 0.01578 | 0.02741 | 3 | 0.115426 |
July Database | October Database | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Valid N | Mean | Median | Minim. | Maxim. | Std. Dev. | Std. Error | Mean | Median | Minim. | Maxim. | Std. Dev. | Std. Error |
Al | 10 | 24.71860 | 21.91900 | 8.665000 | 46.89000 | 12.01038 | 3.798014 | 16.01210 | 14.56050 | 9.000000 | 26.00000 | 6.656686 | 2.105029 |
As | 10 | 0.00150 | 0.00150 | 0.001000 | 0.00200 | 0.00053 | 0.000167 | 0.01010 | 0.00900 | 0.005000 | 0.01900 | 0.003755 | 0.001187 |
Cd | 10 | 0.01540 | 0.01600 | 0.004000 | 0.03800 | 0.01025 | 0.003243 | 0.01330 | 0.01400 | 0.005000 | 0.01800 | 0.003713 | 0.001174 |
Cr | 10 | 1.31120 | 1.25950 | 0.764000 | 2.31800 | 0.46673 | 0.147593 | 0.58920 | 0.61350 | 0.137000 | 0.96200 | 0.343044 | 0.108480 |
Fe | 10 | 0.030000 | 0.021500 | 0.013000 | 0.063000 | 0.018203 | 0.020600 | 0.013000 | 0.006000 | 0.082000 | 0.022751 | 0.007194 | 0.020600 |
Group 1 vs. Group 2 | Mean Group 1 | Mean Group 2 | t-Value | df | p | t Separ. Var. Est. | df | p 2-Sided | Std. Dev. Group 1 | Std. Dev. Group 2 | F-Ratio Variances | p Variances |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al. Jul vs. Al. Oct | 24.71860 | 16.01210 | 2.005017 | 18 | 0.060237 | 2.005017 | 14.05258 | 0.064618 | 12.01038 | 6.656686 | 3.255346 | 0.093547 |
As Jul vs. As Oct | 0.001500 | 0.010100 | −7.17220 | 18 | 0.000001 | −7.17220 | 9.354472 | 0.000043 | 0.000527 | 0.003755 | 50.76000 | 0.000002 |
Cd. Jul vs. Cd Oct | 0.015400 | 0.013300 | 0.608902 | 18 | 0.550198 | 0.608902 | 11.32041 | 0.554612 | 0.010255 | 0.003713 | 7.626108 | 0.005756 |
Cr Jul. vs. Cr oct | 1.311200 | 0.589200 | 3.941673 | 18 | 0.000956 | 3.941673 | 16.52723 | 0.001104 | 0.466729 | 0.343044 | 1.851099 | 0.372571 |
Fe Jul vs. Fe Oct | 0.030000 | 0.020600 | 1.020213 | 18 | 0.321144 | 1.020213 | 17.17325 | 0.321785 | 10 | 10 | 0.018203 | 0.022751 |
Phosphate Jul vs. Phosphate Oct | 0.07700 | 0.05400 | 2.2936 | 18 | 0.034064 | 2.2936 | 15.33828 | 0.036325 | 0.02669 | 0.01713 | 2 | 0.202485 |
Variable | Al | As | Cd | Cr | Fe | CCO | CBO5 | NH4+ | N-NO2 | N-NO3− | N-Total | P-PO4 3− | SO42− | Cl− | Phenols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 1.0000 | 0.4386 | 0.4822 | 0.3696 | 0.2077 | 0.3736 | −0.0869 | −0.3660 | 0.2185 | −0.1587 | 0.1489 | −0.0579 | −0.1131 | −0.1075 | 0.3626 |
p = --- | p = 0.0205 | p = 0.158 | p = 0.293 | p = 0.565 | p = 0.288 | p = 0.811 | p = 0.298 | p = 0.544 | p = 0.661 | p = 0.681 | p = 0.874 | p = 0.0756 | p = 0.768 | p = 0.303 | |
As | 0.4386 | 1.0000 | 0.0617 | 0.1305 | 0.1274 | −0.1911 | −0.5364 | −0.2805 | −0.0395 | −0.6247 | 0.4436 | 0.5925 | −0.4805 | −0.4335 | 0.4009 |
p = 0.205 | p = --- | p = 0.866 | p = 0.719 | p = 0.726 | p = 0.597 | p = 0.110 | p = 0.432 | p = 0.914 | p = 0.053 | p = 0.199 | p = 0.071 | p = 0.160 | p = 0.211 | p = 0.251 | |
Cd | 0.4822 | 0.0617 | 10.0000 | 0.4969 | 0.3720 | 0.1694 | 0.3799 | −0.0781 | 0.4864 | −0.4944 | 0.0886 | −0.0195 | 0.4834 | −0.1407 | 0.1621 |
p = 0.158 | p = 0.866 | p = --- | p = 0.144 | p = 0.290 | p = 0.640 | p = 0.279 | p = 0.830 | p = 0.154 | p = 0.146 | p = 0.808 | p = 0.957 | p = 0.157 | p = 0.698 | p = 0.655 | |
Cr | 0.3696 | 0.1305 | 0.4969 | 1.0000 | −0.2396 | 0.7130 | 0.1156 | 0.2550 | −0.0617 | −0.1081 | 0.2698 | 0.4192 | −0.2223 | −0.3824 | 0.2841 |
p = 0.293 | p = 0.719 | p = 0.144 | p = --- | p = 0.505 | p = 0.021 | p = 0.750 | p = 0.477 | p = 0.866 | p = 0.766 | p = 0.451 | p = 0.228 | p = 0.537 | p = 0.276 | p = 0.426 | |
Fe | 0.2077 | 0.1274 | 0.3720 | −0.2396 | 1.0000 | −0.0137 | 0.1610 | −0.7392 | −0.0526 | −0.4477 | −0.4184 | −0.2059 | 0.4286 | 0.1185 | −0.3521 |
p = 0.565 | p = 0.726 | p = 0.290 | p = 0.505 | p = --- | p = 0.970 | p = 0.657 | p = 0.015 | p = 0.885 | p = 0.195 | p = 0.229 | p = 0.568 | p = 0.216 | p = 0.744 | p = 0.318 | |
CCO | 0.3736 | −0.1911 | 0.1694 | 0.7130 | −0.0137 | 1.0000 | 0.1856 | −0.0485 | −0.2571 | 0.2691 | −0.0784 | 0.0623 | −0.2814 | −0.2178 | −0.0426 |
p = 0.288 | p = 0.597 | p = 0.640 | p = 0.021 | p = 0.970 | p = --- | p = 0.608 | p = 0.894 | p = 0.473 | p = 0.452 | p = 0.829 | p = 0.864 | p = 0.431 | p = 0.545 | p = 0.907 | |
CBO5 | −0.0869 | −0.5364 | 0.3799 | 0.1156 | 0.1610 | 0.1856 | 1.0000 | 0.1306 | 0.2122 | 0.0336 | 0.0860 | −0.4144 | 0.4239 | −0.0132 | 0.1043 |
p = 0.811 | p = 0.110 | p = 0.279 | p = 0.750 | p = 0.657 | p = 0.608 | p = --- | p = 0.719 | p = 0.556 | p = 0.927 | p = 0.813 | p = 0.234 | p = 0.222 | p = 0.971 | p = 0.774 | |
NH4+ | −0.3660 | −0.2805 | −0.0781 | 0.2550 | −0.7392 | −0.0485 | 0.1306 | 1.0000 | 0.1153 | 0.3942 | 0.2290 | −0.0263 | −0.1665 | −0.2850 | 0.2286 |
p = 0.298 | p = 0.432 | p = 0.830 | p = 0.477 | p = 0.015 | p = 0.894 | p = 0.719 | p = --- | p = 0.751 | p = 0.260 | p = 0.525 | p = 0.943 | p = 0.646 | p = 0.425 | p = 0.525 | |
N-NO2 | 0.2185 | −0.0395 | 0.4864 | −0.0617 | −0.0526 | −0.2571 | 0.2122 | 0.1153 | 1.0000 | −0.3763 | 0.1927 | −0.2668 | 0.3582 | −0.0362 | 0.5331 |
p = 0.544 | p = 0.914 | p = 0.154 | p = 0.866 | p = 0.885 | p = 0.473 | p = 0.556 | p = 0.751 | p = --- | p = 0.284 | p = 0.594 | p = 0.456 | p = 0.309 | p = 0.921 | p = 0.113 | |
N-NO3− | −0.1587 | −0.6247 | −0.4944 | −0.1081 | −0.4477 | 0.2691 | 0.0336 | 0.3942 | −0.3763 | 1.0000 | −0.3167 | −0.4565 | −0.1266 | 0.2928 | −0.3339 |
p = 0.661 | p = 0.053 | p = 0.146 | p = 0.766 | p = 0.195 | p = 0.452 | p = 0.927 | p = 0.260 | p = 0.284 | p = --- | p = 0.373 | p = 0.185 | p = 0.727 | p = 0.412 | p = 0.346 | |
N-Total | 0.1489 | 0.4436 | 0.0886 | 0.2698 | −0.4184 | −0.0784 | 0.0860 | 0.2290 | 0.1927 | −0.3167 | 1.0000 | 0.6082 | −0.5538 | −0.6944 | 0.4404 |
p = 0.681 | p = 0.199 | p = 0.808 | p = 0.451 | p = 0.229 | p = 0.829 | p = 0.813 | p = 0.525 | p = 0.594 | p = 0.373 | p = --- | p = 0.062 | p = 0.097 | p = 0.026 | p = 0.203 | |
P-PO4 3− | −0.0579 | 0.5925 | −0.0195 | 0.4192 | −0.2059 | 0.0623 | −0.4144 | −0.0263 | −0.2668 | −0.4565 | 0.6082 | 1.0000 | −0.5776 | −0.5570 | 0.0211 |
p = 0.874 | p = 0.071 | p = 0.957 | p = 0.228 | p = 0.568 | p = 0.864 | p = 0.234 | p = 0.943 | p = 0.456 | p = 0.185 | p = 0.062 | p = --- | p = 0.080 | p = 0.094 | p = 0.954 | |
SO4 2− | −0.1131 | −0.4805 | 0.4834 | −0.2223 | 0.4286 | −0.2814 | 0.4239 | −0.1665 | 0.3582 | −0.1266 | −0.5538 | −0.5776 | 1.0000 | 0.6744 | −0.1525 |
p = 0.756 | p = 0.160 | p = 0.157 | p = 0.537 | p = 0.216 | p = 0.431 | p = 0.222 | p = 0.646 | p = 0.309 | p = 0.727 | p = 0.097 | p = 0.080 | p = --- | p = 0.032 | p = 0.674 | |
Cl− | −0.1075 | −0.4335 | −0.1407 | −0.3824 | 0.1185 | −0.2178 | −0.0132 | −0.2850 | −0.0362 | 0.2928 | −0.6944 | −0.5570 | 0.6744 | 1.0000 | −0.1899 |
p = 0.768 | p = 0.211 | p = 0.698 | p = 0.276 | p = 0.744 | p = 0.545 | p = 0.971 | p = 0.425 | p = 0.921 | p = 0.412 | p = 0.026 | p = 0.094 | p = 0.032 | p = --- | p = 0.599 | |
phenols | 0.3626 | 0.4009 | 0.1621 | 0.2841 | −0.3521 | −0.0426 | 0.1043 | 0.2286 | 0.5331 | −0.3339 | 0.4404 | 0.0211 | −0.1525 | −0.1899 | 1.0000 |
p = 0.303 | p = 0.251 | p = 0.655 | p = 0.426 | p = 0.318 | p = 0.907 | p = 0.774 | p = 0.525 | p = 0.113 | p = 0.346 | p = 0.203 | p = 0.954 | p = 0.674 | p = 0.599 | p = --- |
Variable | Al | As | Cd | Cr | Fe | CCO | CBO5 | NH4+ | N-NO2 | N-NO3− | N-Total | P-PO4 3− | SO4 2− | Cl− | Phenols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 1.0000 | −0.1423 | −0.6543 | 0.3350 | 0.3737 | −0.2228 | −0.2869 | −0.0909 | 0.1558 | −0.0155 | −0.0174 | −0.2819 | 0.1452 | 0.4777 | 0.2096 |
p = --- | p = 0.695 | p = 0.040 | p = 0.344 | p = 0.287 | p = 0.536 | p = 0.422 | p = 0.803 | p = 0.667 | p = 0.966 | p = 0.962 | p = 0.430 | p = 0.689 | p = 0.163 | p = 0.561 | |
As | −0.1423 | 1.0000 | 0.2526 | 0.4151 | 0.6964 | 0.5281 | −0.0315 | −0.1253 | −0.1076 | −0.2441 | 0.3421 | 0.2177 | −0.5693 | −0.2475 | 0.1641 |
p = 0.695 | p = --- | p = 0.481 | p = 0.233 | p = 0.025 | p = 0.117 | p = 0.931 | p = 0.730 | p = 0.767 | p = 0.497 | p = 0.333 | p = 0.546 | p = 0.086 | p = 0.490 | p = 0.651 | |
Cd | −0.6543 | 0.2526 | 1.0000 | −0.3699 | −0.0839 | 0.3284 | 0.2796 | −0.2214 | −0.7522 | 0.1346 | −0.1661 | 0.7652 | −0.4501 | −0.5557 | −0.5284 |
p = 0.040 | p = 0.481 | p = --- | p = 0.293 | p = 0.818 | p = 0.354 | p = 0.434 | p = 0.539 | p = 0.012 | p = 0.711 | p = 0.647 | p = 0.010 | p = 0.192 | p = 0.095 | p = 0.116 | |
Cr | 0.3350 | 0.4151 | −0.3699 | 1.0000 | 0.4802 | −0.2653 | −0.5368 | −0.3392 | 0.2875 | −0.6923 | 0.8094 | −0.0756 | −0.3728 | −0.3436 | 0.1409 |
p = 0.344 | p = 0.233 | p = 0.293 | p = --- | p = 0.160 | p = 0.459 | p = 0.110 | p = 0.338 | p = 0.421 | p = 0.027 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.836 | p = 0.289 | p = 0.331 | p = 0.698 | |
Fe | 0.3737 | 0.6964 | −0.0839 | 0.4802 | 1.0000 | 0.1544 | 0.0260 | 0.1082 | −0.0448 | 0.0037 | 0.1974 | 0.1528 | −0.1647 | −0.0506 | 0.0752 |
p = 0.287 | p = 0.025 | p = 0.818 | p = 0.160 | p = --- | p = 0.670 | p = 0.943 | p = 0.766 | p = 0.902 | p = 0.992 | p = 0.585 | p = 0.673 | p = 0.649 | p = 0.890 | p = 0.836 | |
CCO | −0.2228 | 0.5281 | 0.3284 | −0.2653 | 0.1544 | 1.0000 | 0.1611 | −0.0473 | −0.0906 | −0.0656 | −0.1426 | 0.2274 | −0.2014 | 0.1353 | 0.1732 |
p = 0.536 | p = 0.117 | p = 0.354 | p = 0.459 | p = 0.670 | p = --- | p = 0.657 | p = 0.897 | p = 0.804 | p = 0.857 | p = 0.694 | p = 0.528 | p = 0.577 | p = 0.709 | p = 0.632 | |
CBO5 | −0.2869 | −0.0315 | 0.2796 | −0.5368 | 0.0260 | 0.1611 | 1.0000 | 0.6358 | −0.4884 | 0.3304 | −0.6813 | 0.0825 | 0.3676 | 0.1288 | −0.1230 |
p = 0.422 | p = 0.931 | p = 0.434 | p = 0.110 | p = 0.943 | p = 0.657 | p = --- | p = 0.048 | p = 0.152 | p = 0.351 | p = 0.030 | p = 0.821 | p = 0.296 | p = 0.723 | p = 0.735 | |
NH4+ | −0.0909 | −0.1253 | −0.2214 | −0.3392 | 0.1082 | −0.0473 | 0.6358 | 1.0000 | 0.1430 | 0.5600 | −0.5372 | −0.2122 | 0.6907 | 0.1290 | 0.4220 |
p = 0.803 | p = 0.730 | p = 0.539 | p = 0.338 | p = 0.766 | p = 0.897 | p = 0.048 | p = --- | p = 0.694 | p = 0.092 | p = 0.109 | p = 0.556 | p = 0.027 | p = 0.722 | p = 0.224 | |
N-NO2 | 0.1558 | −0.1076 | −0.7522 | 0.2875 | −0.0448 | −0.0906 | −0.4884 | 0.1430 | 1.0000 | −0.1318 | 0.4062 | −0.6360 | 0.3439 | 0.3217 | 0.5192 |
p = 0.667 | p = 0.767 | p = 0.012 | p = 0.421 | p = 0.902 | p = 0.804 | p = 0.152 | p = 0.694 | p = --- | p = 0.717 | p = 0.244 | p = 0.048 | p = 0.331 | p = 0.365 | p = 0.124 | |
N-NO3− | −0.0155 | −0.2441 | 0.1346 | −0.6923 | 0.0037 | −0.0656 | 0.3304 | 0.5600 | −0.1318 | 1.0000 | −0.7322 | −0.0000 | 0.4540 | 0.2191 | 0.0304 |
p = 0.966 | p = 0.497 | p = 0.711 | p = 0.027 | p = 0.992 | p = 0.857 | p = 0.351 | p = 0.092 | p = 0.717 | p = --- | p = 0.016 | p = 10.00 | p = 0.187 | p = 0.543 | p = 0.934 | |
N-Total | −0.0174 | 0.3421 | −0.1661 | 0.8094 | 0.1974 | −0.1426 | −0.6813 | −0.5372 | 0.4062 | −0.7322 | 1.0000 | 0.0960 | −0.5641 | −0.3383 | 0.1087 |
p = 0.962 | p = 0.333 | p = 0.647 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.585 | p = 0.694 | p = 0.030 | p = 0.109 | p = 0.244 | p = 0.016 | p = --- | p = 0.792 | p = 0.089 | p = 0.339 | p = 0.765 | |
P-PO4 3− | −0.2819 | 0.2177 | 0.7652 | −0.0756 | 0.1528 | 0.2274 | 0.0825 | −0.2122 | −0.6360 | −0.0000 | 0.0960 | 1.0000 | −0.5420 | −0.5598 | −0.2414 |
p = 0.430 | p = 0.546 | p = 0.010 | p = 0.836 | p = 0.673 | p = 0.528 | p = 0.821 | p = 0.556 | p = 0.048 | p = 10.00 | p = 0.792 | p = --- | p = 0.106 | p = 0.092 | p = 0.502 | |
SO42− | 0.1452 | −0.5693 | −0.4501 | −0.3728 | −0.1647 | −0.2014 | 0.3676 | 0.6907 | 0.3439 | 0.4540 | −0.5641 | −0.5420 | 1.0000 | 0.3414 | 0.0344 |
p = 0.689 | p = 0.086 | p = 0.192 | p = 0.289 | p = 0.649 | p = 0.577 | p = 0.296 | p = 0.027 | p = 0.331 | p = 0.187 | p = 0.089 | p = 0.106 | p = --- | p = 0.334 | p = 0.925 | |
Cl− | 0.4777 | −0.2475 | −0.5557 | −0.3436 | −0.0506 | 0.1353 | 0.1288 | 0.1290 | 0.3217 | 0.2191 | −0.3383 | −0.5598 | 0.3414 | 1.0000 | 0.2756 |
p = 0.163 | p = 0.490 | p = 0.095 | p = 0.331 | p = 0.890 | p = 0.709 | p = 0.723 | p = 0.722 | p = 0.365 | p = 0.543 | p = 0.339 | p = 0.092 | p = 0.334 | p = --- | p = 0.441 | |
phenols | 0.2096 | 0.1641 | −0.5284 | 0.1409 | 0.0752 | 0.1732 | −0.1230 | 0.4220 | 0.5192 | 0.0304 | 0.1087 | −0.2414 | 0.0344 | 0.2756 | 1.0000 |
p = 0.561 | p = 0.651 | p = 0.116 | p = 0.698 | p = 0.836 | p = 0.632 | p = 0.735 | p = 0.224 | p = 0.124 | p = 0.934 | p = 0.765 | p = 0.502 | p = 0.925 | p = 0.441 | p = --- |
July Monitoring Campaign | October Monitoring Campaign | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value Number | Eigenvalue | % Total Variance | Cumulative Eigenvalue | Cumulative % | Eigenvalue | % Total variance | Cumulative Eigenvalue | Cumulative % |
1 | 6.204681 * | 34.47045 | 6.20468 | 34.4705 | 5.628626 * | 31.27015 | 5.62863 | 31.2701 |
2 | 3.07987 * | 17.11041 | 9.28455 | 51.5809 | 4.444705 * | 24.69281 | 10.07333 | 55.9630 |
3 | 2.625296 * | 14.58498 | 11.90985 | 66.1658 | 2.093713 * | 11.63174 | 12.16705 | 67.5947 |
4 | 2.063760 * | 11.46534 | 13.97361 | 77.6312 | 1.828940 * | 10.16078 | 13.99599 | 77.7555 |
5 | 1.401129 * | 7.78405 | 15.37474 | 85.4152 | 1.312745 * | 7.29303 | 15.30873 | 85.0485 |
6 | 1.153074 * | 6.40597 | 16.52781 | 91.8212 | 1.198617 * | 6.65898 | 16.50735 | 91.7075 |
7 | 0.603383 | 3.35213 | 17.13120 | 95.1733 | 0.687419 | 3.81899 | 17.19477 | 95.5265 |
8 | 0.460789 | 2.55994 | 17.59199 | 97.7333 | 0.469000 | 2.60556 | 17.66377 | 98.1320 |
9 | 0.408013 | 2.26674 | 18.00000 | 100.0000 | 0.336233 | 1.86796 | 18.00000 | 100.0000 |
July Monitoring Campaign | October Monitoring Campaign | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value number | Eigenvalue | % Total Variance | Cumulative Eigenvalue | Cumulative % | Eigenvalue | % Total Variance | Cumulative Eigenvalue | Cumulative % |
1 | 2.091981 * | 41.83961 | 2.091981 | 41.8396 | 2.276505 * | 45.53009 | 2.276505 | 45.5301 |
2 | 1.233531 * | 24.67062 | 3.325512 | 66.5102 | 1.724148 * | 34.48295 | 4.000652 | 80.0130 |
3 | 1.018576 * | 20.37151 | 4.344087 | 86.8817 | 0.581033 | 11.62066 | 4.581685 | 91.6337 |
4 | 0.423145 | 8.46291 | 4.767233 | 95.3447 | 0.282902 | 5.65804 | 4.864587 | 97.2917 |
5 | 0.232767 | 4.65535 | 5.000000 | 100.0000 | 0.135413 | 2.70825 | 5.000000 | 100.0000 |
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Topa, C.; Murariu, G.; Calmuc, V.; Calmuc, M.; Arseni, M.; Serban, C.; Chitescu, C.; Georgescu, L. A Spatial–Seasonal Study on the Danube River in the Adjacent Danube Delta Area: Case Study—Monitored Heavy Metals. Water 2024, 16, 2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172490
Topa C, Murariu G, Calmuc V, Calmuc M, Arseni M, Serban C, Chitescu C, Georgescu L. A Spatial–Seasonal Study on the Danube River in the Adjacent Danube Delta Area: Case Study—Monitored Heavy Metals. Water. 2024; 16(17):2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172490
Chicago/Turabian StyleTopa, Catalina, Gabriel Murariu, Valentina Calmuc, Madalina Calmuc, Maxim Arseni, Cecila Serban, Carmen Chitescu, and Lucian Georgescu. 2024. "A Spatial–Seasonal Study on the Danube River in the Adjacent Danube Delta Area: Case Study—Monitored Heavy Metals" Water 16, no. 17: 2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172490