Perception of Mangrove Social–Ecological System Governance in Southeastern Cuba
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
- (1)
- Ojo de Agua-Monte Cabaniguán (MCOA) (See Table 1)
- (2)
- Guamá Sector (GUAM) (See Table 1)
- (3)
- San Miguel de Parada Wildlife Refuge (SAM) (See Table 1)
- (4)
- Hatibonico Ecological Reserve (HAT) (See Table 1)
2.2. Study Design
2.2.1. Design of the Social–Ecological Study
- Part 1: Community use of mangrove resources.
- Part 2: Perception of ecosystem services.
- Part 3: Perceptions of mangrove ecosystem threats and management framework.
2.2.2. Design of the Governance Study
2.2.3. Integrated Matrix Analysis
High impact: an extensive social–ecological interaction that causes major changes in the SES, thereby affecting its balanced functioning. These are typically very pervasive activities or uses defining the prevalent state of the SES. | |
Medium impact: a strong social–ecological relationship, however, without causing irreversible changes. | |
Low impact: a weak social–ecological relationship that does not cause irreversible changes. These are typically isolated activities, uses, or services that do not affect the functioning of the mangrove in the SES. |
2.3. Sampling
Mangrove Site | Management Classification (SNAP) | Administration | Extension (ha) | Mangrove Typology [68] | Population (Number of Respondents) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCOA | Wildlife Refuge | Enterprise for Flora and Faunal Protection Las Tunas | 3929.18 | Deltaic | 596 (83) |
GUAM | Multiple use area | No management regime | 162 | Bay Open coast estuary | 1525 (92) |
SAM | Wildlife Refuge | Enterprise for Flora and Faunal Protection, Santiago de Cuba | 55 | Bay | 267 (72) |
HAT | Ecological Reserve | Ministry of Science Technology and Environment (CITMA) | 64 | Open coast | 1003 (87) |
Number of questionnaires 334 |
Social–Demographic Profile of Respondents
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Community Awareness of the Use of Mangrove Ecosystem Resources
Correlation Analysis of Occupations and Frequency of Mangrove Resource Use in the Study Localities
3.2. Community Perception of Mangrove Ecosystem Services
3.3. Community Perceptions of Mangrove Management Framework
3.4. Community Perception of Potential Threats to Mangroves
3.5. Results of the Governance Analysis
3.6. Description of the Observed Social–Ecological Relationships
4. Discussion
4.1. Use of Mangrove Resources by Communities
4.2. Perception of Ecosystem Services in Communities
4.2.1. Perception of Mangrove Ecosystem Threats and Management Framework
4.2.2. Potential Threats to Mangroves
4.2.3. New Perspective for Governance and Management of Mangroves in Eastern of Cuba
4.2.4. Analysis of the Observed Social–Ecological Relationships
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicators | Percentage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
MCOA | GUAM | SAM | HAT | |
Age groups | 15.7 | 20.7 | 30.6 | 14.9 |
18–30 | ||||
31–40 | 28.9 | 19.6 | 16.7 | 25.3 |
41–50 | 24.1 | 18.5 | 16.7 | 25.3 |
51–60 | 16.9 | 23.9 | 16.7 | 20.7 |
61–70 | 7.2 | 10.9 | 15.3 | 6.9 |
71–80 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 4.2 | 6.9 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 50.6 | 53.3 | 54.2 | 56.3 |
Female | 49.4 | 46.7 | 45.8 | 43.7 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Occupation * | ||||
Housewife | 24.2 | 20.7 | 20.8 | 14.9 |
State sector 1 | - | 30.4 | 44.4 | 43.7 |
State sector 2 | - | 9.8 | 5.6 | 13.8 |
Private Sector | 33.7 | 14.1 | 16.7 | 14.9 |
Farmer | 34.9 | 15.2 | - | 1.1 |
Retired | 7.2 | 9.8 | 12.5 | 8.2 |
Student | - | - | - | 3.4 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Use of Mangrove Resources | MCOA Mdn (Range) | GUAM Mdn (Range) | SAM Mdn (Range) | HAT Mdn (Range) | H | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food source (Fish) | 2 (2) | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 51.9 | 0.001 |
Food source (Molluscs) | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | 44.0 | 0.001 |
Food source (Crustaceans) | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | 44.7 | 0.001 |
Traditional medicine | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | 30.2 | 0.001 |
Wildlife watching | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 13.7 | 0.03 |
Recreational use | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 26.1 | 0.001 |
Education/Research | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 9.7 | 0.021 |
Spiritual/Religious practices | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (10) | 1 (2) | 17.4 | 0.001 |
Ecosystem Services | MCOA Mdn (Range) | GUAM Mdn (Range) | SAM Mdn (Range) | HAT Mdn (Range) | H | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Nursery | 3 (2) | 3 (1) | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 66.9 | 0.001 |
2. Wildlife habitat | 3 (0) | 3 (0) | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 97.4 | 0.001 |
3. Food source | 3 (2) | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 89.2 | 0.001 |
4. Coastal protection | 3 (2) | 3 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 78.0 | 0.03 |
5. Water quality | 3 (2) | 3 (2) | 3 (2) | 1 (2) | 45.5 | 0.001 |
6. Recreation/Education | 3 (2) | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 42.2 | 0.001 |
Answers (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mangrove Threats/Localities | MCOA | GUAM | SAM | HAT |
Agriculture | - | 5.1 | - | - |
Bark and roots removal | - | 6.8 | - | - |
Climate change | 24.6 | 18.5 | 19.6 | 31.9 |
Drought | 16.3 | 5.5 | 20.1 | 39.3 |
Exotic species | 5.3 | 4.1 | - | 4.3 |
Fires | 14.4 | - | - | 24.5 |
Grazing | - | 4.5 | - | - |
Industries | - | - | 18.0 | - |
Logging | 24.2 | 24.7 | 12.7 | - |
Pollution/waste dumping | 6.4 | 9.9 | 11.6 | - |
Rising sea level | - | 1.4 | 0.5 | - |
River damming | 3.0 | - | 4.2 | - |
Road construction | 4.8 | 4.8 | - | - |
Salinisation | 4.2 | 12.5 | 4.2 | - |
Tropical cyclones | - | 16.1 | 9.0 | - |
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Share and Cite
Cruz Portorreal, Y.; Beenaerts, N.; Koedam, N.; Reyes Dominguez, O.J.; Milanes, C.B.; Dahdouh-Guebas, F.; Pérez Montero, O. Perception of Mangrove Social–Ecological System Governance in Southeastern Cuba. Water 2024, 16, 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172495
Cruz Portorreal Y, Beenaerts N, Koedam N, Reyes Dominguez OJ, Milanes CB, Dahdouh-Guebas F, Pérez Montero O. Perception of Mangrove Social–Ecological System Governance in Southeastern Cuba. Water. 2024; 16(17):2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172495
Chicago/Turabian StyleCruz Portorreal, Yanet, Natalie Beenaerts, Nico Koedam, Orlando Joel Reyes Dominguez, Celene B. Milanes, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas, and Ofelia Pérez Montero. 2024. "Perception of Mangrove Social–Ecological System Governance in Southeastern Cuba" Water 16, no. 17: 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172495