A Review of the Efficiency of Phosphorus Removal and Recovery from Wastewater by Physicochemical and Biological Processes: Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Different Methods of P Detection and Removal
2.1. Analytical Techniques for P Detection
2.2. Removal of Different P Forms
2.2.1. Orthophosphate Removal
2.2.2. Polyphosphate Removal
2.2.3. Organic P Removal
3. Removal Efficiency of P by WWTPs
4. P Retention Process
4.1. Removal of P by Biological Treatment Technologies
4.1.1. Biological Trickling Filter and Biofilm Reactor
4.1.2. Biological Nitrification and Denitrification
4.1.3. Biologically Activated Carbon
4.1.4. Microalgae/Fungi-Based Treatment
4.1.5. Activated Sludge Process
4.1.6. Biosorption
4.1.7. Membrane Bioreactor
4.1.8. Constructed Wetland
4.2. Chemical Treatment Technologies
4.2.1. Chlorination
4.2.2. Ozonation
4.2.3. Fenton Process
4.2.4. Photolysis
4.2.5. Electro-Fenton Processes
4.2.6. Photo-Fenton Process
4.2.7. Photocatalysis
4.2.8. Solar Photocatalysis
5. Comparative Analysis and Integration of P Removal Processes
5.1. Comparative Effectiveness of P Removal Methods
5.2. Maintenance and Complexity
6. P Recovery from WWTP Streams
6.1. Systems for P Recovery from Liquid Streams
6.1.1. Crystallization Technologies
6.1.2. Adsorption
6.1.3. Electrochemical Precipitation
6.2. Systems for P Recovery from Raw and Digested Sewage Sludge
6.2.1. Struvite Crystallization (MagPrex® System)
6.2.2. Wet-Chemical Extraction
6.2.3. Aqua Reci® and LOPROX Systems
6.2.4. MEPHREC® Process
6.2.5. Vivianite Recovery
6.3. Systems for P Recovery from Sludge Ash
6.3.1. Wet-Chemical Leaching and Extraction
6.3.2. Thermo-Chemical Treatments
6.4. Economic Analysis of P Recovery Processes in WWTPs
7. Concluding Remarks and Perspective
7.1. Effectiveness of Biological and Chemical Methods
7.2. Operational Considerations and Redox Potential
7.3. Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technology | Explanation | Rates of TP Deletion | Developmental Stage | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Algal systems | ||||
Algal biofilm reactors | Fixed-growth algal bioreactors | 41–97% | Bench-scale | [32,33] |
Not reported | Full-scale | [34] | ||
Algae immobilized | Algal species are into sheets or beads and immobilized | 62–90% | Bench-scale | [35,36] |
Suspended growth photo-bioreactors | Suspended growth algal bioreactors | 61% | Pilot-scale | [37] |
Membrane photo biofilm reactors | Membrane bioreactors with algae seed; operating promote phototrophic growth | 66–97% | Bench-scale | [38,39] |
Osmotic MPBR | Photo-bioreactor with osmotic membrane | 90–100% | Bench-scale | [40,41] |
EBPR systems | ||||
MBR-UCT | Integrating a membrane bioreactor into an EBPR with continuous flow | Up to 88% | Up to 88% | [42,43] |
Sequencing batch moving bed membrane bioreactor | Moving-bed Carriers Sequencing batch reactor with integrated membrane | 84% | Bench-scale | [44] |
MB-SBBR | Batch biofilm reactor with moving bed sequencing | 97% | Bench-scale | [45] |
SBBR | Sequencing batch reactor with fixed biofilm | 90% | Bench-scale | [46] |
70–90% | Pilot-scale | [47] | ||
Granular sludge | SBR advanced activated sludge process | 87% | Full-scale | [48] |
MABR-SBR hybrid | Membrane-aerated biofilm reactor operating in combination with a sequencing batch reactor | 90% | Bench-scale | [49] |
AnoxAn | Vertical flow anaerobic-anoxic reactor | 89% | Bench-scale | [50] |
Physico-chemical systems | ||||
Active filter media | Materials that remove P by precipitation or absorption, whether naturally occurring or man-made. | 95% (PO4) | Bench-scale | [51,52] |
77–91% | Full-scale (other) | [53] | ||
The exchange of ions | 80–90% | Bench-scale | [54,55] |
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Abdoli, S.; Asgari Lajayer, B.; Dehghanian, Z.; Bagheri, N.; Vafaei, A.H.; Chamani, M.; Rani, S.; Lin, Z.; Shu, W.; Price, G.W. A Review of the Efficiency of Phosphorus Removal and Recovery from Wastewater by Physicochemical and Biological Processes: Challenges and Opportunities. Water 2024, 16, 2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172507
Abdoli S, Asgari Lajayer B, Dehghanian Z, Bagheri N, Vafaei AH, Chamani M, Rani S, Lin Z, Shu W, Price GW. A Review of the Efficiency of Phosphorus Removal and Recovery from Wastewater by Physicochemical and Biological Processes: Challenges and Opportunities. Water. 2024; 16(17):2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172507
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdoli, Sima, Behnam Asgari Lajayer, Zahra Dehghanian, Nazila Bagheri, Amir Hossein Vafaei, Masoud Chamani, Swati Rani, Zheya Lin, Weixi Shu, and G. W. Price. 2024. "A Review of the Efficiency of Phosphorus Removal and Recovery from Wastewater by Physicochemical and Biological Processes: Challenges and Opportunities" Water 16, no. 17: 2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172507