Rice Terraces Enhanced the Hydrological Stability of Small Watershed with LUCC—A Case Study of Xinhua Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. The SWAT Model
2.3. Data Sources
2.4. Model Calibration and Validation
2.5. Land Use Scenarios
3. Results
3.1. Model Performance
3.2. LUCC in the Xinhua Basin from 1980 to 2020
3.2.1. Total Land Use Change
3.2.2. Land Use Changes in Sub-Basins
3.3. Hydrological Impacts of LUCC
3.3.1. Total Hydrological Response
3.3.2. Hydrological Response in Sub-Basins
3.4. Hydrological Impacts of Land Use Types
4. Discussion
4.1. Driving Forces of LUCC
4.2. Hydrological Impacts of the Terrace System
4.2.1. Hydrological Impacts of Rice-Terrace Structures
4.2.2. Hydrological Impacts of Rice-Terrace Land Use
4.3. Comprehensive Understanding
5. Summary and Conclusions
- (1)
- Land use changes in the study area during the past period were significant. Overall, the area of forest land and built-up areas increased, while paddy fields and dryland decreased;
- (2)
- LUCC resulted in a reduction of 1.77% in runoff, a decrease of 2.49% in infiltration, and an increase of 1.03% in ET in the previous period. Water yield remained almost unchanged;
- (3)
- Among the land use types in the rice-terrace system, the proportion of paddy fields, forests, and their combination had the most significant influence on runoff in the small watershed. The larger the proportion of paddy fields, the greater the runoff, but with lower runoff stability;
- (4)
- Hydrological changes in the study area were relatively small, indicating that rice-terrace systems had a positive role in maintaining hydrological stability in the watershed under land use changes. For sustainable development of rice-terrace systems, it is not necessarily better to have a higher proportion of paddy fields.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(Proportion of Land Use) | Runoff (mm) | |
---|---|---|
Equation | R2 | |
Paddy field | Runoff = 80.595 + 582.032 Paddy (%) | 0.374 ** |
Dryland | Runoff = 130.87 + 991.398 Dryland (%) | 0.155 ** |
Forest land | Runoff = 454.164 − 390.715 Forest (%) | 0.399 ** |
Built-up area | Runoff = 176.225 + 3313.12 Built-up (%) | 0.227 ** |
Other | Runoff = 202.836 + 249.301 Other (%) | 0.037 ** |
Paddy/Forest | Runoff = 119.729 + 191.259 Paddy/Forest | 0.431 ** |
Runoff = 286.621 + 199.059 Paddy(%) − 222.074 Forest (%) + 1499.529 Bulit-up (%) | 0.453 ** |
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Deng, C.; Li, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, C.; Zhang, G. Rice Terraces Enhanced the Hydrological Stability of Small Watershed with LUCC—A Case Study of Xinhua Basin. Water 2024, 16, 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050712
Deng C, Li Y, Liu Y, Liu C, Zhang G. Rice Terraces Enhanced the Hydrological Stability of Small Watershed with LUCC—A Case Study of Xinhua Basin. Water. 2024; 16(5):712. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050712
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Chuxiong, Yaqun Li, Yaojun Liu, Changchang Liu, and Guangjie Zhang. 2024. "Rice Terraces Enhanced the Hydrological Stability of Small Watershed with LUCC—A Case Study of Xinhua Basin" Water 16, no. 5: 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050712