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Article

The Influence of Arctic Conditions on the Formation of Algae and Cyanobacteria Diversity and on the Water Quality of Freshwater Habitats on Kotelny Island, Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve, Yakutia

by
Sophia Barinova
1,* and
Viktor Gabyshev
2
1
Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 199 Abba Khoushi Ave., Haifa 3498838, Israel
2
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science (IBPC SB RAS), Lenin av., 41, Yakutsk 677980, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2024, 16(9), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091231
Submission received: 30 March 2024 / Revised: 22 April 2024 / Accepted: 24 April 2024 / Published: 25 April 2024
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Abstract

:
The significant interest in the islands in the Russian Arctic has been in terms of available oil reserves, which determine the direction of economic development and associated environmental risks for this sector of the Arctic in the near future. Kotelny Island is the largest island of the New Siberian Islands Archipelago included in the protected zone of the Lena Delta Nature Reserve, which is located at 76° N, washed from the west by the Laptev Sea, washed from the east by the East Siberian Sea in a permafrost zone, and characterized by harsh climatic conditions defined by the northeast winds that prevail in vegetative season. January sees temperatures ranging from −32 to −35 °C, and July from +6 to +8 °C, which causes a short growing season. Samples were taken between August 3 and 8, 2018 in 12 freshwater bodies where 210 taxa were revealed. Aquatic communities were dominated by zygnematophycean and diatom algae, grouped in the basins of two rivers and associated with the position on the island’s landscape, which suggests the influence of cold north-east winds, leading to the avoidance of habitats in open and high places, which was revealed by statistical methods and also confirms the high individuality of taxa composition. Bioindication methods showed that water bodies are slightly alkaline, with low ion concentrations, with the presence of sulfides in low-lying habitats, and average saturation with organic matter. The mesotrophic status of the studied water bodies was evaluated through an assessment and the type of nutrition in the communities of algae and cyanobacteria indicates they formed there as true autotrophs, which corresponds to the status of a protected area and can serve as a reference level for monitoring anthropogenic impact.

1. Introduction

Arctic freshwater flora, especially in protected areas, have long attracted the attention of researchers since the organisms that comprise them survive in extreme conditions. In addition, the state of aquatic ecosystems, as a criterion of disturbance or anthropogenic impact, is an important indicator of the stability of ecosystems at the border of survival, when environmental factors put the existence of an ecosystem on the brink of existence. Of particular interest is the study of the patterns of distribution and formation of biodiversity in the Arctic regions. The protected areas of the Arctic are delineated by the common border of the Arctic Biodiversity Monitoring Zone of the Biodiversity Working Group of the Arctic Council (CAFF), which is in the interests of the international community [1], and within which three zones are distinguished, High Arctic, Low Arctic, and Subarctic. In addition, it is important to study the Arctic biodiversity, as it can be an indicator of the impact of climatic changes [2].
Kotelny Island is part of the New Siberian Islands archipelago on the Arctic shelf of Eastern Siberia, which still remains poorly studied algologically. The first information about algae in the reservoirs of Kotelny Island, which is part of the archipelago, is provided by E.K. Kosinskaya (1956) [3]. The work provides a list that includes 141 taxa of algae of various taxonomic groups, except for Cryptophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Dinophyceae, which the authors intentionally did not identify. Since there is no geographical reference of sampling points in the work, the species list given by the authors can only be attributed, in general, to Kotelny Island. This makes it impossible to use these data for full-fledged environmental analysis using bioindicators and statistical mapping tasks. Preliminary results of the limnological studies of 11 water bodies on the Faddeevsky Peninsula of Kotelny Island are presented in a brief report by L. A. Ushnitskaya et al. [4]. The authors report the discovery of 148 species of diatoms from 22 genera. According to researchers, the greatest diversity is found in the genera Navicula (23 species), Eunotia (21), Cymbella (20), and Pinnularia (17). The authors explain the absence of representatives from the class Centrophyceae by the shallowness of the studied reservoirs, in which there is no appropriate biotope for the development of phytoplankton. The publication does not contain a species list. The work of S.I. Genkal and V.A. Gabyshev (2020) [5] provides a species list of diatoms containing 70 taxa. The study is based on the study of plankton samples from six water bodies on Kotelny Island using electron microscopy. The species composition of silica-scaled chrysophytes, Rotosphaerida, Thaumatomonadida, and centrohelid heliozoans in the water bodies of Kotelny Island was studied in the work of A.Y. Bessudova (2023) [6], and as a result, information was obtained on 25 taxa from the genera Chrysosphaerella, Paraphysomonas, Spiniferomonas, Mallomonas, Synura, Acanthocystis, Choanocystis, Raineriophrys, Raphidocystis, Pterocystis, Thaumatomastix, and Rabdiophrys [6]. Thus, the available work on the microflora of the island’s water bodies is limited to a few botanical reports.
Attention to studying the diversity and conditions influencing the formation of Arctic aquatic communities has a significant history [7,8]. There are still no works devoted to bioindication, the search for the most important environmental factors that determine the biodiversity of aquatic organisms in the conditions of the High Arctic island. It should be noted that part of the Russian Arctic remains non-impact and is part of the protective zone of the Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve. The significant interest in this territory in terms of available oil reserves determines the direction of economic development and associated environmental risks for this sector of the Arctic in the near future. These main reasons determine the relevance of studying the aquatic ecosystems of the New Siberian Islands. Inaccessibility and harsh climatic conditions make it very difficult to collect samples, and restrictions on the weight of accompanying equipment often do not allow for measuring environmental parameters in natural conditions. As a consequence of these difficulties, rare expeditions have collected specimens of organisms from some of the island’s accessible water bodies, but habitat data are lacking. This gap can be filled using bioindicator analysis.
The objective of this research was to determine the taxonomic composition of algae and cyanobacteria in 12 small, diverse aquatic objects of Kotelny Island, identify indicator taxa and analyze their spatial distribution, conduct an ecological-geographical analysis, and determine environmental factors affecting the diversity of photosynthetic microorganisms in the studied Arctic habitats.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Site Description

Kotelny Island is a part of the Anzhu Islands group of the New Siberian Islands archipelago (Figure 1 and Figure 2). This is the largest island of the archipelago, with an area of 23.2 thousand km2. A large peninsula, Faddeevsky, is separated from Kotelny Island by Gedenstrom Bay. The island is located at 76° N between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. The study area is located in a continuous permafrost zone, the thickness of which reaches 500 m [9] and is marked by severe climatic conditions. The mean air temperature in January falls between −32 and −35 °C, and in July it reaches up to +6–8 °C. The duration of the ice-free period in the reservoirs of the archipelago reaches 30–45 days [10], which causes a short growing season. The island is situated in the Arctic tundra.

2.2. Sampling and Laboratory Study

Sampling was carried out by the executive director of the Russian Geographical Society (RGS) for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) D.I. Solovyov during the period from 3 to 8 August 2018, as part of a complex expedition of the Russian Geographical Society. Plankton samples were collected from 12 different types of water bodies in the northwest of the island, including the Kuchchugui-Sulbut and Bysakh-Karga Rivers, a puddle within the Pshenitsyna Lagoon tidal zone, streams, and small tundra reservoirs (Figure 1 and Figure 2, Table 1). An Apstein plankton net (SEFAR NITEX fabric, mesh size 15 µm) was used for sampling. The samples were fixed by adding 4% neutral formaldehyde. All samples were transported for further treatment at the Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Yakutsk.
The diatom shells were cleaned in 30% hydrogen peroxide with a 6 h heat treatment in a thermostat at 85 °C [11] and examined in permanent slides under an Olympus BH-2 (Olympus; Tokyo, Japan) light microscope and JSM-6510 LV (JEOL Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan) scanning electron microscope.
Data on the taxa composition of the Bacillariophyceae, Mediophyceae, and, partly, Chrysophyceae of the studied water bodies were partly published by us earlier [6,8] and their list was borrowed from our works. Handbooks and articles were used for the diatom taxa identification [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. The identification of representatives of other classes was carried out with an Olympus BH-2 light microscope using handbooks [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43]. Algaebase.org (accessed on 15 January 2024) was used to adopt the modern taxa names [44]. Since ‘Algae’ is a large polyphyletic grouping, in this work this term is taken in its customary sense as diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms [45,46].
The species-specific ecological preferences of revealed taxa were used to perform bioindicator analysis [47,48,49].
Statistica 12.0 software was used for statistical mapping. The network correlation analysis was done in JASP (significant only) on the botnet package in R Statistica software of [50]. The BioDiversity Pro 2.0 software was used for the Pearson similarity calculation [51].

3. Results

3.1. Taxonomic Content

Altogether 210 taxa of algae and cyanobacteria were identified in 12 studied aquatic habitats of Kotelny Island (Table A1 and Table A2 in Appendix A). Figure 3 shows that taxa richness in the communities was varied between 17 in the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River and 56 in the mouth of the Bysakh-Karga River, excluding a small pool (St. 8), where only one taxon, Nostoc, was found. It can be seen that diatom taxa prevailed in the studied water bodies, along with desmids. Ulvophyceae species were absent from the freshwater habitats studied.
Two major bursts of diversity were confined to the Bysakh-Karga River and Kuchchugui-Sulbut River basins (Figure 3) and were related mostly to diatoms, but in the Bysakh-Karga River a sufficient role was also played by desmids.
The analysis of the structure of dominant taxa at the genus level (Table 2), which includes 144 of the 210 identified taxa, however, shows that desmidian algae predominated in the studied communities, and diatoms were represented by a significantly smaller number of taxa. The standard deviation for the sum of dominated genera (14.62) cut off only two genera, Cosmarium and Staurastrum, both from desmids.
A comparison of the taxa represented in each sampling point by Pearson coefficients based on Table A1 in Appendix A shows a similarity of communities in stations 1–6 in the Bysakh-Karga River basin, a small river in the north, and in two small pools (stations 10, 11) of the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River on the level of 70% (Figure 4). Only communities of small pools at stations 7, 8, and in the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River station 12 were noticeably different, with a low taxa richness.
The geographical distribution of the revealed taxa was considered as four categories where cosmopolitan taxa was the major category present, and Holarctic taxa with a few Boreal taxa were partly presented (Table A1 in Appendix A, Table 3). Attention can especially be given to the category of Arcto-alpine taxa, which was a noticeable part of communities in station 4, station 5 on the west, and mostly in stations 7, 10, and 12 in the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River in the south-west habitats. This allows us to assume that habitat conditions have a crucial impact in the shaping of the studied Arctic communities and thus draws attention to the ecological preferences of the captured taxa.

3.2. Bioindicators

The ecological characteristics of the identified taxa for nine environmental variables are presented in Table A2 in Appendix A, and summarized for the 12 sampling stations in Table 4. Both planktonic and benthic inhabitants predominate, which is due to the shallowness of the studied water bodies, as both true plankters and drifting phytobenthic taxa enter the net. Indicators of the temperature range preferences suggested that there were mostly temperate taxa but eurythermal taxa also presented and there were even a few warm-water inhabitants. Oxygen saturation indicators were mostly in the group of middle oxygenated waters. Only one taxon indicator of sulfide-enriched waters was found in station 11, where diatom taxa domination was found along with Euglenophyceae and cyanobacteria, without any desmids. Indicators of water pH and salinity as a whole were related to the groups of neutral and low saline waters. Indicators of organic pollution, according to the Watanabe system that uses diatoms, only show low to middle organic pollution in the studied water bodies. Indicators of the nutrition type (autotrophy–heterotrophy) were mostly autotrophs, which indicates an oligo-mesotrophic to mesotrophic environment. Organic pollution indicators based on the species-specific index of saprobity in the Sládeček system indicated water quality was mostly in Classes 2 and 3.
A comparison of the data in Table A1 in Appendix A and Table 4 was performed for the purpose of characterizing the taxonomical and ecological “face” of each of the studied communities using the JASP program. The results are presented in Figure 5. Figure 5 shows two different cores, the first of which included communities from the north unnamed river habitats and also communities from the Bysakh-Karga River basin, excluding the station 4 data. The second core was formed by communities from the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River basin, which also included station 4. This demonstrates the division of the taxonomic composition and ecological preferences of taxa at the level of geographic location.
A detailed analysis of the distribution of the ecological preferences of taxa in each studied habitat (excluding station 8 because there was only one taxon) by category of bioindicators is presented in Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8. The data were divided into corresponding river basins in histograms. Habitat preferences in each station were as for the all-indicator content distribution but benthic taxa played a sufficient part in stations 1 and 12 (Figure 6a). Geographic distribution categories show a cosmopolitan prevalence but stations 7 and 12 included up to 20% of Arcto-alpine taxa (Figure 6b).
Indicators of the temperature preferences were mostly in the categories of temperate and cool water in basins of the north and west, whereas the eurythermic and warm water categories were about 50% and more in communities of the south basin habitats (Figure 7a). Oxygen-enriched categories were sufficient (up to 30%) in the south basin habitat (Figure 7b). Acidophilic indicators were mostly in north and north-west habitats, whereas alkaliphilic taxa were up to 30% in the south basin (Figure 7c). The same distribution was found for the content of the salinity categories of halophiles and mesohalobes, which were more in the south basin habitats (Figure 7d).
At the same time, as indicators of autotrophic categories contain 95–100% of taxa in basins of the north and north-west, the indicators in the south basin represent more complicated content with a significant portion of mixotrophs (Figure 8a). Trophic state indicators represent a diverse distribution pattern (Figure 8b) with a greater role played by oligotrophic taxa in the south basin habitats, whereas mesotrophic taxa prevailed in the north and north-west communities. The decreasing role of clear water saproxenic diatom taxa from north to south habitats can be seen in Figure 8c with the increasing percentage of saprophiles. The organic pollution indicators for Class 4 water quality were slightly more in percentage in the habitats of the southern basin (Figure 8d).

3.3. Statistical Mapping

Therefore, the spatial distribution differences for the different groups of taxonomic content and indicators can be seen. For the purpose of clarifying the role of habitat distribution over the Kotelny Island landscape, a series of statistical maps was constructed (Figure 9 and Figure 10). A map of the total taxa number distribution shows that taxa-rich habitats were concentrated in the north-west of the studied area (Figure 9a). This prevalence is supported mostly by Chlorophyceae taxa (Figure 9b) rather than desmids (Figure 9c) or diatoms (Figure 9d). Figure 9e,f show the controversial distribution of Holarctic taxa concentrated in the coastal area of north-west and Arcto-alpine taxa, which preferred the habitats in the valley of the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River in the south.
The spatial distribution of indicator groups was also mapped in order to identify the habitat preferences of the identified taxa in the landscape of the studied part of Kotelny Island, thereby identifying environmental properties that regulate the formation of communities of algae and cyanobacteria. Figure 10a shows the altitude of the studied habitat distribution as one of the major and stable environment variables. The study area is divided by one hill, 53 m high, which is significant on the surface of the tundra. Communities with a predominance of halophobes (Figure 10b) were concentrated around the top of the hill, while most acidophiles were found in the coastal northern and northwestern parts of the landscape (Figure 10c). Figure 10d reflects a fairly uniform distribution of indicator taxa in moderately oxygenated waters. However, warm-water, mesohalobes, saprophiles, and indicators of Class 4 organically saturated waters (Figure 10c–h) were found towards the southern part of the study area, revealing the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River valley as an environment-forming direction.

4. Discussion

Data on the algal flora of the archipelago were replenished as a result of comprehensive botanical studies of the Arctic tundra of Yakutia, carried out during airborne expeditions of the YSC SB AS USSR in the late 1970s [57]. Information about diatoms from sediments of reservoirs of the Arctic Anzhu Archipelago is presented in the work devoted to the paleogeographic reconstruction of the region based on the analysis of lagoon sediments of Zhokhov island, part of the De Long group of the New Siberian Islands [58]. The authors identified 66 species of diatoms, 17 of them are listed in the text of the work, and a complete list of species is not provided. The work of O.V. Palagushkina et al. [59] is dedicated to studying the taxonomic and ecological composition of communities of fossil and modern diatoms on Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, part of the Lyakhovsky Islands group of the New Siberian Islands archipelago. Climatically, the islands of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky and Kotelny are very similar [60]. The authors examined samples of water and surface bottom sediments from 15 reservoirs of polygonal tundra, as well as permafrost sediments from the profile located on a coastal cliff near the D. Laptev Strait.
Only in this work, among the islands of the immediate environment, are data on environmental indicators provided, so it was decided to compare the taxa composition of both islands and identify similarities and differences that make it possible to characterize the properties of water in the water bodies of Kotelny Island. The work provides a list of 159 species of diatoms and identifies the main environmental factors that impact the distribution of diatoms in the studied area. The major ecological factors that specify the distribution of diatoms in the studied data set are mean air temperature in July, pH, conductivity, water depth, and the concentrations of Si4+ and Al3+. Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island is the closest neighbor of the studied Kotelny island, so it the taxa composition of diatoms from both islands was compared. This research identified 79 diatom taxa from 12 reservoirs, while the list of recent diatoms from Palagushkina’s article contains 84 taxa from 15 reservoirs [59], so it is comparable in number. The samples in this study were homogeneously collected planktonic samples, and on Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island they studied not only plankton samples, but also benthos and bottom sediments. The areas where sampling points were located on both islands were comparable. It can be noted that only 22 taxa were common to the diatom leaves of both islands.
Because Palagushkina’s list includes both modern and fossil species, comparisons of the diatoms found on both islands revealed only 15 species found in modern communities, representing only 18% of our list. This indicates the high individuality of the floras of the Arctic islands. The same high individuality was noted when studying a group of reservoirs in the Tiksi region, in the territory adjacent to the protective zone of the Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve [61].
It should be noted that in the fossil state there were diverse representatives of the planktonic species Stephanodiscus and Aulacoseira, living in reservoirs with a large mass of water, while in the reservoirs of both islands at present these indicators are poor or not found at all, as on Kotelny Island, the focus of this study. All of this leads to the assumption that, currently, water bodies are becoming shallower and, therefore, more susceptible to fluctuations in environmental parameters. This work using indicator species allows us to describe the studied water bodies as slightly saturated with salts and dissolved organic matter, with a neutral pH.
For the diatom communities of Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, the factors of pH and the electrical conductivity of water, as well as the depth of the reservoir, are noted as ecologically important, determining the taxonomic composition of water bodies of the Arctic archipelago. The variability of the data measured there is not given; however, the figures show that the pH values vary in the range of 7.8–8.5, which is typical for slightly alkaline waters. In addition, the electrical conductivity was between 180 and 250 mSm cm−1, which rules out the possibility that the waters under study contain a lot of ions.
Since the composition of the indicator taxa identified in relation to these two environmental parameters is very similar, it can be assumed that the water bodies of Kotelny Island also had water within the specified conductivity and pH parameters.
It should be noted once again that diatoms are well-studied indicators of the environment, but it was determined that the entire available taxa composition of algae and cyanobacteria can enrich conclusions about the properties of the environment, since non-diatoms made up more than 60% of the list and the parameters for bioindication also included trophic and other characteristics of the studied communities.
Thus, the use of groups of indicators of trophic status in the water bodies of Kotelny Island showed that mesotrophic taxa predominate, in contrast to the oligotrophic assessments of waters on Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island. Assessments of the presence of dissolved organic matter using Watanabe’s methods and Sladechek’s saprobity indices showed that the waters of Kotelny Island are weakly or moderately saturated, while no such assessments were made on Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island.
Moreover, we were able to track the dynamics of the taxonomical composition and groups of indicator species in the area. Thus, it turned out that the value of taxa richness is grouped in two different surface areas associated with the drainage basins of the Kuchchugui-Sulbut and Bysakh-Karga Rivers and that the presence of zygnematophycean taxa plays a significant role in the communities. A reflection of the difference in environmental conditions for the aquatic communities of these river basins was also found in indicators of temperature, oxygen, pH, salinity, the type of nutrition, trophic state, and organic pollution; for example, in the basin of the more southern Kuchchugui-Sulbut River there were more indicators of warm waters, oxygen, low alkaline water, oligo-mesotrophy, moderate (saprophiles), or slightly increased organic pollution (Classes 3 and 4).
We tried to track the influence of spatial factors on the separation of communities of these two river basins using statistical mapping, which provided an important basis for describing the influences in the nearby protected zone of the Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve, which has the same climatic parameters. The surface map showed that there was a hill between the three surveyed sites. In fact, this hill is part of a small ridge up to 150 m high and running in the direction from northwest to southeast, thus separating the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River basin from the northeast winds that prevail in August on Kotelny Island (Figure 1).
It turned out that the patterns of distribution of both the algal and cyanobacterial taxonomic composition in the communities of Kotelny Island and indicator species show great similarity, which gives us the opportunity to connect some properties of the communities and environment with the position of water bodies on the landscape and, thus, with the influence of the cold north-east winds in August. As may be observed, the total number of taxa in habitats increases to the north and northwest, and concurrently, the number of taxa of zygnemoid and green algae with a Holarctic areal increase. On the other hand, further south the role of diatoms and arctic alpines increases. At the same time, there are more cold-loving taxa and halophobes at altitude. Where the altitudes are lower, there are more warm-water indicators, saprophiles, and indicators of Class 4 water quality. Indicator distribution maps also show that planktonic taxa and acidophiles are more associated with the northern coast. It can thus be concluded that the geographical position of the reservoir on the surface of the island contributes significantly to development of aquatic communities under the influence of the landscape-regulated influence of northeastern cold winds with a speed of about 3.6 m s−1 from the Arctic Ocean for both islands, Kotelny and Bolshoy Lyakhovsky.
The high similarity of climatic variables on the islands of Kotelny and Bolshoy Lyakhovsky [60] in the absence of anthropogenic impact allows us to assume the similarity of water variables, even though only the taxonomic composition was studied, whereas for the Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, taxonomic composition, as well as some chemical variables, are known. It was previously established that Arctic cold northeastern winds have a major influence on the development of communities of continental waters of the coastal zone both in the Barents Sea and in the Laptev Sea [7,61].

5. Conclusions

Thus, about the studied habitats of Kotelny Island, it can be said that the 210 taxa of algae and cyanobacteria identified in the 12 studied aquatic habitats are comparable to the previously studied 15 communities of Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island. The bioindication method used for the first time on Kotelny Island to determine the amplitude of water parameters and the properties of communities, as well as statistical methods for analyzing their distribution over the island’s landscape area, showed that water bodies are slightly alkaline, with low ion concentrations, dominated by zygnematophycean and diatom algae, grouped in the basins of two rivers, and associated with the position on the island’s landscape, which suggests the influence of cold north-east winds, leading to the avoidance of habitats in open and high places.
Statistical methods showed high individuality of taxa composition in the studied habitats. Bioindication methods, in addition, also revealed the presence of sulfides in low-lying habitats and average saturation with organic matter (for diatoms). An assessment was also made of the trophic status of the assessed water bodies as mesotrophic and the type of nutrition in the communities of algae and cyanobacteria indicates they formed there as true autotrophs, which corresponds to the status of a protected area and can serve as a reference level for monitoring anthropogenic impact.
The New Siberian Islands are hard-to-reach regions as remote areas. Therefore, the organization of freshwater habitat research in the region is extremely difficult. However, it is clear that further research is needed. The most important points that should be kept under our close attention are the control of possible anthropogenic transformation and the need to investigate the long-term effects of climate change on the aquatic ecosystems.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.B. and V.G.; methodology, S.B. and V.G.; software, S.B.; validation, S.B. and V.G.; formal analysis, V.G.; investigation, V.G.; resources, V.G.; data curation, S.B. and V.G.; writing—original draft preparation, S.B. and V.G.; writing—review and editing, S.B. and V.G.; visualization, S.B.; supervision, V.G.; project administration, V.G.; funding acquisition, V.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The research was carried out within the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (theme number FWRS-2021-0023. reg. number AAAA-A21-121012190038-0).

Data Availability Statement

Data published in Appendix A are available on the article’s website.

Acknowledgments

The authors express deep gratitude to the executive director of the Russian Geographical Society for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) D.I. Solovyov for the selection of primary algological material, as well as to I.S. Pavlov, a researcher at the Department for the Study of Mammoth Fauna, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for providing the overview photographs of Kotelny Island. The authors are also grateful for the partial support of the Israeli Ministry of Aliyah and Integration.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Appendix A

Table A1. Algal and cyanobacteria taxa richness in 12 studied water bodies on Kotelny Island, August 2018.
Table A1. Algal and cyanobacteria taxa richness in 12 studied water bodies on Kotelny Island, August 2018.
TaxaSt. 1St. 2St. 3St. 4St. 5St. 6St. 7St. 8St. 9St. 10St. 11St. 12
Mediophyceae Medlin & Kaczmarska
Lindavia antiqua (W.Smith) Nakov, Guillory, M.L.Julius, E.C.Theriot & A.J.Alverson000100000000
Lindavia cf. minuta (Skvortzov) T.Nakov & al.000000001000
Pantocsekiella ocellata (Pantocsek) K.T.Kiss & Ács000000001000
Stephanodiscus neoastraea Håkansson & Hickel000100000000
Bacillariophyceae Haeckel
Achnanthidium petersenii (Hustedt) C.E.Wetzel, Ector, D.M.Williams & Jüttner 2019000100001111
Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki000100001000
Amphora ovalis Kütz.110110101000
Caloneis westii (W.Smith) Hendey000000100000
Chamaepinnularia soehrensis (Krasske) Lange-Bertalot & Krammer000100000000
Craticula ambigua (Ehrenberg) D.G.Mann001000000000
Ctenophora pulchella (Ralfs ex Kützing) D.M.Williams & Round000100000000
Cymbella neocistula Krammer110111101111
Cymbopleura cuspidata (Kützing) Krammer000100000010
Cymbopleura naviculiformis (Auerswald ex Heiberg) Krammer000010000100
Cymbopleura stauroneiformis (Lagerstedt) Krammer000000000100
Diatoma tenuis C.Agardh010110001001
Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) Mart.Schmidt100111100001
Encyonema fogedii Krammer000100000000
Encyonema lange-bertalotii Krammer000000000100
Encyonema latens (Krasske) D.G.Mann001010000000
Encyonema minutum (Hilse) D.G.Mann000100000101
Encyonema silesiacum (Bleisch) D.G.Mann001110001001
Encyonema ventricosum (C.Agardh) Grunow000000000100
Entomoneis alata (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg010100100000
Entomoneis paludosa (W.Smith) Reimer000000100000
Eunotia arcus Ehrenberg000000000100
Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Schaarschmidt111000000000
Eunotia praerupta Ehrenberg000010000001
Fallacia pygmaea (Kützing) Stickle & D.G.Mann000000100000
Fragilaria capucina Desmazières000000001000
Fragilaria radians (Kützing) D.M.Williams & Round000000001000
Fragilaria rumpens (Kützing) G.W.F.Carlson000000000001
Gomphonella olivacea (Hornemann) Rabenhorst000100000000
Gomphonema angusticephalum E.Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot000000001000
Gomphonema lagerheimii A.Cleve000000001000
Gomphonema longiceps f. suecicum (Grunow) Hustedt100100000000
Gomphonema micropus Kützing000000000010
Gomphonema montanum (Schumann) Grunow001000001000
Hannaea arcus (Ehrenberg) R.M.Patrick011110101111
Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) Grunow000100001011
Hygropetra balfouriana (Grunow ex Cleve) Krammer & Lange-Bertalot000000000010
Iconella brebissonii (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot) Bukhtiyarova000100000000
Mayamaea agrestis (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot000000000010
Mayamaea permitis (Hustedt) K.Bruder & Medlin000000000001
Meridion circulare (Greville) C.Agardh000110001101
Navicula antonii Lange-Bertalot000100000000
Navicula bottnica Grunow000000100000
Navicula cincta (Ehrenberg) Ralfs000000100000
Navicula cryptocephala Kützing000100000000
Navicula cryptotenelloides Lange-Bertalot000100000000
Navicula digitoconvergens Lange-Bertalot000000100000
Navicula digitoradiata (W.Gregory) Ralfs100000100000
Navicula margalithii Lange-Bertalot000100000000
Navicula radiosa Kützing111001001100
Navicula rhynchotella Lange-Bertalot000100000000
Navicula streckerae Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski000100000000
Navicula striolata (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot000100000000
Navicula venerablis Hohn & Hellerman000100000000
Navicula viridula (Kützing) Ehrenberg000100000000
Navicula vulpina Kützing000000000100
Nitzschia acicularis (Kützing) W.Smith000000100000
Nitzschia acidoclinata Lange-Bertalot000000000100
Nitzschia alpina Hustedt000000000100
Nitzschia flexoides Geitler000100100000
Nitzschia inconspicua Grunow000100001110
Nitzschia linearis W.Smith000100000000
Nitzschia perminuta Grunow000100001010
Nitzschia vermicularis (Kützing) Hantzsch010000000000
Opephora mutabilis Sabbe & Wyverman000100000000
Pinnularia bullacostae Krammer & Lange-Bertalot000000000100
Pinnularia lata (Brébisson) W.Smith100000000000
Placoneis amphibola (Cleve) E.J.Cox100001000000
Reimeria sinuata (W.Gregory) Kociolek & Stoermer000000000001
Stauroneis anceps Ehrenberg111110100000
Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg000000001100
Surirella hibernica (W.Smith) D.Kapustin & O.Kryvosheia000000100000
Tryblionella debilis Arnott ex O’Meara000100100000
Tryblionella hungarica (Grunow) Frenguelli000000100100
Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compère111111000000
Chrysophyceae Pascher
Dinobryon anulatum D.G.Hilliard & B.C.Asmund001011000000
Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg010010000000
Jaoniella planctonica Skvortsov000010001010
Kephyrion gracile (Hilliard) Starmach001000000000
Kephyrion ovale (Lackey) Huber-Pestalozzi100000000000
Paraphysomonas acuminata Scoble & Cavalier-Smith000000000010
Paraphysomonas uniformis J.M.Scoble & T.Cavalier-Smith000000001010
Synura borealis Škaloud & Škaloudová001010000000
Synura sp.001010000000
Eustigmatophyceae D.J.Hibberd & Leedale
Pseudostaurastrum limneticum (Borge) Guiry000010000000
Xanthophyceae P.Allorge ex F.E.Fritsch
Tribonema ambiguum Skuja000000000010
Tribonema elegans Pascher001000000000
Tribonema gayanum Pascher001000000000
Tribonema viride Pascher000100001000
Tribonema vulgare Pascher000000000110
Zygnematophyceae Round ex Guiry
Actinotaenium cucurbita (Brébisson ex Ralfs) Teiling000000000010
Closterium lanceolatum Kützing ex Ralfs101010000000
Closterium leibleinii Kützing ex Ralfs111111001110
Closterium littorale f. minus L.E.Komarenko000010000000
Closterium littorale F.Gay011100000000
Closterium moniliferum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs111010000000
Cosmarium anceps P.Lundell000010000110
Cosmarium arctoum Nordstedt000011000000
Cosmarium bioculatum Brébisson ex Ralfs000001000100
Cosmarium bioculatum var. excavatum Gutwinski001000000000
Cosmarium botrytis Meneghini ex Ralfs111011001110
Cosmarium botrytis var. gemmiferum (Brébisson) Nordstedt000000000100
Cosmarium contractum var. ellipsoideum (Elfving) West & G.S.West000001000000
Cosmarium costatum Nordstedt111101000000
Cosmarium debaryi var. novae-semliae Wille000001000000
Cosmarium formosulum Hoff001001000100
Cosmarium granatum Brébisson ex Ralfs000001000000
Cosmarium holmiense var. integrum P.Lundell000000000100
Cosmarium impressulum Elfving011001000000
Cosmarium levinotabile var. heterocrenatum (West & G.S.West) Croasdale000000000010
Cosmarium margaritatum (P.Lundell) J.Roy & Bisset001001000000
Cosmarium pachydermum P.Lundell000010000100
Cosmarium pseudoholmii O.Borge000001000100
Cosmarium punctulatum Brébisson000011000000
Cosmarium pyonochondrum Nordstedt000010000000
Cosmarium sexnotatum var. tristriatum (Lütkemuller) Schmidle101001000000
Cosmarium subarctoum (Lagerheim) Raciborski000010000000
Cosmarium subcrenatum Hantzsch111110001100
Cosmarium subexcavatum West & G.S.West001010000110
Cosmarium subprotumidum Nordstedt110000000000
Cosmarium subspeciosum Nordstedt011001000000
Cosmarium thwaitesii Ralfs000010000000
Cosmarium tinctum Ralfs000000000010
Cosmarium turpinii Brébisson010001000000
Spirogyra sp. ster.000001000000
Staurastrum avicula var. lunatum (Ralfs) Coesel & Meesters001000000000
Staurastrum basidentatum Borge111011000100
Staurastrum brevispina Brébisson001101000000
Staurastrum dilatatum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs010000000000
Staurastrum furcigerum (Brébisson) W.Archer000001000000
Staurastrum granulosum Ralfs000010000000
Staurastrum muticum Brébisson ex Ralfs100011000000
Staurastrum orbiculare Meneghini ex Ralfs001000000000
Staurastrum polymorphum Brébisson001000000000
Staurastrum punctulatum Brébisson000011001111
Staurodesmus dejectus var. apiculatus (Brébisson) Croasdale000001000000
Staurodesmus spetsbergensis (Nordstedt) Teiling000001000000
Chlorophyceae Wille
Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs001011000000
Ankistrodesmus fusiformis Corda100000000000
Ankistrodesmus spiralis (W.B.Turner) Lemmermann000010000000
Carteria pseudoglobosa Ettl000000000100
Colemanosphaera charkowiensis (Korshikov) H.Nozaki, T.K.Yamada, F.Takahashi, R.Matsuzaki & T.Nakada111011001000
Euastropsis richteri (Schmidle) Lagerheim011101000000
Gonium pectorale O.F.Müller000000001100
Monoraphidium contortum (Thuret) Komárková-Legnerová000100000000
Monoraphidium griffithii (Berkeley) Komárková-Legnerová000010000000
Monoraphidium irregulare (G.M.Smith) Komárková-Legnerová010000000000
Mychonastes anomalus (Korshikov) Krienitz, C.Bock, Dadheech & Proschold001000000000
Mychonastes jurisii (Hindák) Krienitz, C.Bock, Dadheech & Proschold001010000000
Oedogonium sp.000000001000
Pandorina morum (O.F.Müller) Bory111111101110
Schroederia setigera (Schröder) Lemmermann000100000100
Stigeoclonium sp.000000000001
Tetrabaena socialis (Dujardin) H.Nozaki & M.Itoh000010101111
Tetradesmus obliquus (Turpin) M.J.Wynne001000000100
Tetraëdron minimum (A.Braun) Hansgirg010000000000
Pyramimonadophyceae Moestrup & Daugbjerg
Polyblepharides singularis P.A.Dangeard000000001000
Trebouxiophyceae Friedl
Botryococcus braunii Kützing101101000010
Closteriopsis acicularis (Chodat) J.H.Belcher & Swale000000100000
Mucidosphaerium pulchellum (H.C.Wood) C.Bock, Proschold & Krienitz000000000100
Neglectella solitaria (Wittrock) Stenclová & Kaštovský011001000100
Willea rectangularis (A.Braun) D.M.John, M.J.Wynne & P.M.Tsarenko000000000100
Cyanophyceae Schaffner
Anabaena inaequalis Bornet & Flahault000000101110
Anagnostidinema tenue (Anisimova) Strunecky & al.100000000000
Chroococcus minutus (Kützing) Nägeli000000000100
Chroococcus turgidus (Kützing) Nägeli000010101010
Jaaginema subtilissimum (Kützing ex Forti) Anagnostidis & Komárek000000000010
Jaaginema woronichinii (Anisimova) Anagnostidis & Komárek000100100000
Leptolyngbya gracillima (Hansgirg) Anagnostidis & Komárek000000001000
Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) Kützing001010100000
Merismopedia tenuissima Lemmermann010110100010
Merismopedia tranquilla (Ehrenberg) Trevisan000001000000
Microcrocis irregularis (Lagerheim) Geitler000000100000
Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing000001000000
Nostoc linckia Bornet ex Bornet & Flahault100000000010
Nostoc microscopicum Carmichael ex Bornet & Flahault111101001110
Nostoc pruniforme C.Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault000000010000
Oscillatoria tenuis C.Agardh ex Gomont000000000001
Phormidium bohneri Schmidle000000100000
Phormidium breve (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek011000000010
Phormidium grunowianum (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek000100000000
Phormidium tergestinum (Rabenhorst ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek010000000000
Snowella lacustris (Chodat) Komárek & Hindák001110001100
Spirulina major Kützing ex Gomont000000001000
Trichodesmium lacustre Klebahn100000000000
Woronichinia compacta (Lemmermann) Komárek & Hindák000000100100
Dinophyceae F.E.Fritsch
Peridinium bipes F.Stein111000000000
Peridinium cinctum (O.F.Müller)011001000110
Peridinium willei Huitfeldt-Kaas111101000100
Euglenophyceae Schoenichen
Euglena oblonga F.Schmitz000000101110
Euglena texta (Dujardin) Hübner000010000000
Euglena viridis (O.F.Müller) Ehrenberg011000000010
Euglenaformis proxima (P.A.Dangeard) M.S.Bennett & Triemer100000000000
Lepocinclis oxyuris (Schmarda) B.Marin & Melkonian001001001100
Lepocinclis spirogyroides B.Marin & Melkonian100000000000
Monomorphina pyrum (Ehrenberg) Mereschkowsky000000000100
Phacus caudatus Hübner000000000010
Phacus orbicularis Hübner001000000000
Trachelomonas dubia Svirenko000000001000
Trachelomonas dybowskii Dreżepolski101110001110
Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) F.Stein001001001100
Trachelomonas intermedia P.A.Dangeard000010000000
Trachelomonas lacustris Dreżepolski000000000100
Trachelomonas macropunctata (Skvortsov) Deflandre000010000000
Trachelomonas planctonica f. oblonga (Drezepolski) T.G.Popova000000000010
Trachelomonas similis A.Stokes000000000100
Notes: “0“, not found; “1“, present.
Table A2. Algal and cyanobacteria taxa ecological preferences in 12 studied water bodies on the Kotelny Island, August 2018.
Table A2. Algal and cyanobacteria taxa ecological preferences in 12 studied water bodies on the Kotelny Island, August 2018.
TaxaHABTOXYpHpH-RangeSALWATSAPIndex STROAUT-HETGEO
Mediophyceae Medlin & Kaczmarska
Lindavia antiqua (W.Smith) Nakov, Guillory, M.L.Julius, E.C.Theriot & A.J.AlversonP-B--acf-hb-o1.00otats-
Lindavia cf. minuta (Skvortzov) T.Nakov & al.------------
Pantocsekiella ocellata (Pantocsek) K.T.Kiss & Ács------------
Stephanodiscus neoastraea Håkansson & HickelPtempst-stralb5.5–9ieso-b1.40o-matek
Bacillariophyceae Haeckel
Achnanthidium petersenii (Hustedt) C.E.Wetzel, Ector, D.M.Williams & Jüttner 2019------------
Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) CzarneckiP-Betermst-strind4.3–9.2iesx-b0.95o-eatek
Amphora ovalis Kütz.Btempst-stralf6.2–9.0isxo-b1.50meatek
Caloneis westii (W.Smith) HendeyB----hl------
Chamaepinnularia soehrensis (Krasske) Lange-Bertalot & KrammerB-stracf-hb-o1.00otats-
Craticula ambigua (Ehrenberg) D.G.MannBwarmstalf5.5–6.0iesb2.30me-k
Ctenophora pulchella (Ralfs ex Kützing) D.M.Williams & RoundP-B-st-stralf-i-b2.30o-mate-
Cymbella neocistula KrammerB--ind-I-o1.20o-m-k
Cymbopleura cuspidata (Kützing) KrammerP-Btemp-ind6.7i-o-a1.80o-m-k
Cymbopleura naviculiformis (Auerswald ex Heiberg) KrammerB-st-strind-ieso1.20o-mateb
Cymbopleura stauroneiformis (Lagerstedt) KrammerB--ind---o1.00ot--
Diatoma tenuis C.AgardhP-B-st-strind-hlsxo1.30eatek
Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) Mart.SchmidtB-st-strind-isxo-x0.70ot-a-a
Encyonema fogedii Krammer------------
Encyonema lange-bertalotii Krammer------------
Encyonema latens (Krasske) D.G.MannB---7.8-sxo1.00---
Encyonema minutum (Hilse) D.G.MannB-st-strind6.2isxo1.20o-eatek
Encyonema silesiacum (Bleisch) D.G.MannB-st-strind6.2–7.7isxo1.20o-eatek
Encyonema ventricosum (C.Agardh) GrunowB-st-strind6.2–7.9isxo1.20o-eatek
Entomoneis alata (Ehrenberg) EhrenbergP-B-stalf-mh-b2.00--k
Entomoneis paludosa (W.Smith) ReimerP-B--alf-hl-b-a2.50m-k
Eunotia arcus EhrenbergB-st-stracf-i-x-o0.50otatsk
Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) SchaarschmidtBtempst-stracf5.0–6.6ieso1.00o-eatek
Eunotia praerupta EhrenbergP-Bcoolst-stracf-Isxx-o0.40o-matsk
Fallacia pygmaea (Kützing) Stickle & D.G.MannP-B-st-stralf7.55–8.45mhesa-o2.70ehne-
Fragilaria capucina DesmazièresP-B--ind7.7iesb-o1.60m-k
Fragilaria radians (Kützing) D.M.Williams & RoundP-B--neu6.45–6.95--x-b0.80o-m--
Fragilaria rumpens (Kützing) G.W.F.Carlson------------
Gomphonella olivacea (Hornemann) RabenhorstB-st-stralf7.5–8.0ieso-b1.45eatek
Gomphonema angusticephalum E.Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot------------
Gomphonema lagerheimii A.CleveB-stracf-hb-o1.30otats-
Gomphonema longiceps f. suecicum (Grunow) Hustedt------------
Gomphonema micropus KützingB-strind6.6–7.95ieso1.30otate-
Gomphonema montanum (Schumann) GrunowB-strind-iesx-b0.85mats-
Hannaea arcus (Ehrenberg) R.M.PatrickBtempstralf5.5–7.5iesx0.30o-matsa-a
Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) GrunowBtempst-strind-Ieso-a1.90o-eatek
Hygropetra balfouriana (Grunow ex Cleve) Krammer & Lange-Bertalot------------
Iconella brebissonii (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot) BukhtiyarovaB-st-stralf-i-b-o1.70--k
Mayamaea agrestis (Hustedt) Lange-BertalotB--neu-iesb-a2.40---
Mayamaea permitis (Hustedt) K.Bruder & MedlinB--alf-ohesa3.20ehne-
Meridion circulare (Greville) C.AgardhB-strind-ieso1.10o-matek
Navicula antonii Lange-BertalotB--alf-oh-b-o1.60---
Navicula bottnica GrunowB----hl------
Navicula cincta (Ehrenberg) RalfsBwarmst-stralf7–9hlesx-o0.50meate-
Navicula cryptocephala KützingP-Btempst-strind-iesb2.10o-eatek
Navicula cryptotenelloides Lange-BertalotB--alf-oh-b-a2.40---
Navicula digitoconvergens Lange-Bertalot------------
Navicula digitoradiata (W.Gregory) RalfsB--alf-Iesb2.00me-k
Navicula margalithii Lange-BertalotB--alf-hl-o1.00---
Navicula radiosa KützingBtempst-strind5–9ieso1.30meatek
Navicula rhynchotella Lange-BertalotB--alf-hlesb-a2.55---
Navicula streckerae Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski------------
Navicula striolata (Grunow) Lange-BertalotB--alb-i-o1.00---
Navicula venerablis Hohn & Hellerman------------
Navicula viridula (Kützing) EhrenbergB-st-stralf-hlesb2.20meatek
Navicula vulpina KützingB-strind7.9i-b2.00meats-
Nitzschia acicularis (Kützing) W.SmithP-Btemp-alf7.85–8.15iesa-o2.70ehcek
Nitzschia acidoclinata Lange-BertalotB-strind-hbeso-b1.40o-mats-
Nitzschia alpina HustedtP-B-stracf-Isxo1.00otats-
Nitzschia flexoides Geitler------------
Nitzschia inconspicua GrunowB-st-stralf-Iesa-o2.70ehnek
Nitzschia linearis W.SmithBtempst-stralf7.6iesb-o1.70meatek
Nitzschia perminuta GrunowP-Btempstralf7.3hlspb-o1.75o-mats-
Nitzschia vermicularis (Kützing) HantzschP-B-stralf-i-b2.20m-k
Opephora mutabilis Sabbe & Wyverman------------
Pinnularia bullacostae Krammer & Lange-Bertalot------------
Pinnularia lata (Brébisson) W.SmithP-B-stracf-i-o1.00ot-b
Placoneis amphibola (Cleve) E.J.Cox-----------k
Reimeria sinuata (W.Gregory) Kociolek & StoermerP-B,aer-stind-isxo1.30mate-
Stauroneis anceps EhrenbergP-B-st-strind6.1–6.9isxo1.30o-matek
Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) EhrenbergP-Btempst-strind7.3ieso1.30meatek
Surirella hibernica (W.Smith) D.Kapustin & O.Kryvosheia------------
Tryblionella debilis Arnott ex O’MearaP-B-aealf-iesa-o2.60-ate-
Tryblionella hungarica (Grunow) FrenguelliP-B--alf-mhspa-o2.90eatek
Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) CompèreP-Btempst-strind5.0–9.2iesb2.25o-eatek
Chrysophyceae Pascher
Dinobryon anulatum D.G.Hilliard & B.C.AsmundP------o1.20---
Dinobryon sertularia EhrenbergP----i-o1.30--k
Jaoniella planctonica Skvortsov------------
Kephyrion gracile (Hilliard) Starmach------------
Kephyrion ovale (Lackey) Huber-PestalozziB------o-b1.50---
Paraphysomonas acuminata Scoble & Cavalier-Smith------------
Paraphysomonas uniformis J.M.Scoble & T.Cavalier-Smith------------
Synura borealis Škaloud & Škaloudová------------
Synura sp.------------
Eustigmatophyceae D.J.Hibberd & Leedale
Pseudostaurastrum limneticum (Borge) GuiryP-st-str----o-b1.50---
Xanthophyceae P.Allorge ex F.E.Fritsch
Tribonema ambiguum Skuja------------
Tribonema elegans PascherB------x1.00---
Tribonema gayanum Pascher------------
Tribonema viride PascherP-B----i-o-x0.70--k
Tribonema vulgare PascherP-B----i-o-b1.40--k
Zygnematophyceae Round ex Guiry
Actinotaenium cucurbita (Brébisson ex Ralfs) TeilingP-B-aeracf---x-b0.90o--
Closterium lanceolatum Kützing ex RalfsB-stind-----e--
Closterium leibleinii Kützing ex RalfsP-B-st-strind---a-o2.60e--
Closterium littorale f. minus L.E.Komarenko------------
Closterium littorale F.GayP-B--ind---b-a2.40e--
Closterium moniliferum Ehrenberg ex RalfsP-B-st-strind-i-b2.10me-k
Cosmarium anceps P.LundellB,aer-aeracf-----m--
Cosmarium arctoum Nordstedt------------
Cosmarium bioculatum Brébisson ex RalfsP-B-st-strind-hb-x-o0.50m-k
Cosmarium bioculatum var. excavatum Gutwinski------------
Cosmarium botrytis Meneghini ex RalfsP-B-st-strind-i-o-a1.90m--
Cosmarium botrytis var. gemmiferum (Brébisson) NordstedtB--ind-----m--
Cosmarium contractum var. ellipsoideum (Elfving) West & G.S.West------------
Cosmarium costatum Nordstedt---acf-----m--
Cosmarium debaryi var. novae-semliae Wille------------
Cosmarium formosulum HoffP-B--ind---o-a1.80me--
Cosmarium granatum Brébisson ex RalfsB-st-strind-i-o1.20m--
Cosmarium holmiense var. integrum P.LundellB,aer-aeracf-----m--
Cosmarium impressulum ElfvingB--ind-hb-b-o1.60m--
Cosmarium levinotabile var. heterocrenatum (West & G.S.West) Croasdale---------m--
Cosmarium margaritatum (P.Lundell) J.Roy & BissetB--acf-----m--
Cosmarium pachydermum P.LundellB--ind-i-o-x0.70m--
Cosmarium pseudoholmii O.BorgeP--ind-i---m--
Cosmarium punctulatum BrébissonP-B--ind-hb-o1.30m--
Cosmarium pyonochondrum Nordstedt------------
Cosmarium sexnotatum var. tristriatum (Lütkemuller) SchmidleB--acf-----m--
Cosmarium subarctoum (Lagerheim) Raciborski---acf-----m--
Cosmarium subcrenatum HantzschB,aer-aeracf---o1.10m--
Cosmarium subexcavatum West & G.S.West------------
Cosmarium subprotumidum NordstedtP-B-st-strind---o-a1.90me-k
Cosmarium subspeciosum NordstedtB--acf-----m--
Cosmarium thwaitesii Ralfs------------
Cosmarium tinctum RalfsB--acf-----o-m--
Cosmarium turpinii BrébissonP-B--ind-i-o-x0.70me-k
Spirogyra sp. st.------------
Staurastrum avicula var. lunatum (Ralfs) Coesel & MeestersP-B--ind-i---me--
Staurastrum basidentatum Borge------------
Staurastrum brevispina Brébisson------------
Staurastrum dilatatum Ehrenberg ex RalfsP-----------
Staurastrum furcigerum (Brébisson) W.ArcherP-B--ind-i-o1.20m--
Staurastrum granulosum Ralfs---ind-----m--
Staurastrum muticum Brébisson ex RalfsB-stacf-i---m--
Staurastrum orbiculare Meneghini ex RalfsB--acf---o1.30m--
Staurastrum polymorphum BrébissonP-B--ind-i---m-k
Staurastrum punctulatum BrébissonP-B-st-strind-i-o1.20o-m--
Staurodesmus dejectus var. apiculatus (Brébisson) CroasdaleP-B--ind-i---o-m--
Staurodesmus spetsbergensis (Nordstedt) Teiling------------
Chlorophyceae Wille
Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) RalfsP-B-st-str--hb-b2.30--k
Ankistrodesmus fusiformis CordaP-B-st-str--i-b2.00--k
Ankistrodesmus spiralis (W.B.Turner) LemmermannP------b2.10---
Carteria pseudoglobosa Ettl------------
Colemanosphaera charkowiensis (Korshikov) H.Nozaki, T.K.Yamada, F.Takahashi, R.Matsuzaki & T.Nakada-----------Ha
Euastropsis richteri (Schmidle) Lagerheim------------
Gonium pectorale O.F.MüllerP-st--i-a-o2.80---
Monoraphidium contortum (Thuret) Komárková-LegnerováP-B-st-str--i-b2.20--k
Monoraphidium griffithii (Berkeley) Komárková-LegnerováP-B-st-str--i-b2.20--k
Monoraphidium irregulare (G.M.Smith) Komárková-LegnerováP-B-st-str--i-----k
Mychonastes anomalus (Korshikov) Krienitz, C.Bock, Dadheech & ProscholdP----i-o-a1.80--k
Mychonastes jurisii (Hindák) Krienitz, C.Bock, Dadheech & Proschold-------o-a1.90---
Oedogonium sp.------------
Pandorina morum (O.F.Müller) BoryP-st--i-b2.30--k
Schroederia setigera (Schröder) LemmermannP-st-str--i-b-o1.70--k
Stigeoclonium sp.------------
Tetrabaena socialis (Dujardin) H.Nozaki & M.ItohP-st----b2.30---
Tetradesmus obliquus (Turpin) M.J.Wynne-----------k
Tetraëdron minimum (A.Braun) HansgirgP-B-st-str--i-b2.10---
Pyramimonadophyceae Moestrup & Daugbjerg
Polyblepharides singularis P.A.Dangeard------------
Trebouxiophyceae Friedl
Botryococcus braunii KützingP-B-stind-i-o-b1.50--k
Closteriopsis acicularis (Chodat) J.H.Belcher & SwaleP-B-st-str--i-o-a1.90--k
Mucidosphaerium pulchellum (H.C.Wood) C.Bock, Proschold & KrienitzP-B-st-strind-i-b2.30--k
Neglectella solitaria (Wittrock) Stenclová & Kaštovský------------
Willea rectangularis (A.Braun) D.M.John, M.J.Wynne & P.M.TsarenkoP-st-strind-i-b2.10--k
Cyanophyceae Schaffner
Anabaena inaequalis Bornet & FlahaultP-B-st----b-o1.60---
Anagnostidinema tenue (Anisimova) Strunecky & al.------------
Chroococcus minutus (Kützing) NägeliP-B--ind-i-o-a1.80o-m-k
Chroococcus turgidus (Kützing) NägeliP-B,S-aeralf-hl-x-b0.80--k
Jaaginema subtilissimum (Kützing ex Forti) Anagnostidis & KomárekP-BH2Sst----a3.20o--
Jaaginema woronichinii (Anisimova) Anagnostidis & KomárekB,Ep-st--mh------
Leptolyngbya gracillima (Hansgirg) Anagnostidis & KomárekB,S-aer---------
Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) KützingP-B--ind-i-b-o1.75o-m-k
Merismopedia tenuissima LemmermannP-B----hl-b-a2.40e-k
Merismopedia tranquilla (Ehrenberg) Trevisan------------
Microcrocis irregularis (Lagerheim) Geitler------------
Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) KützingP----hl-b2.10e-k
Nostoc linckia Bornet ex Bornet & FlahaultP-B, Ep------b-o1.60---
Nostoc microscopicum Carmichael ex Bornet & FlahaultS----i-----k
Nostoc pruniforme C.Agardh ex Bornet & FlahaultP-B,S-st----o-b1.50---
Oscillatoria tenuis C.Agardh ex GomontP-B,S-st-str--hl-a-o2.60me-k
Phormidium bohneri SchmidleB,S-----------
Phormidium breve (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & KomárekP-B,S-st,aer----a3.10---
Phormidium grunowianum (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek------------
Phormidium tergestinum (Rabenhorst ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & KomárekP-B,S-st-str--i-a-o2.60e--
Snowella lacustris (Chodat) Komárek & HindákP----i-b-o1.60me-k
Spirulina major Kützing ex GomontP-B,Swarmst--hl-a3.40---
Trichodesmium lacustre KlebahnP-st---------
Woronichinia compacta (Lemmermann) Komárek & HindákP-B--------o-m-a-a
Dinophyceae F.E.Fritsch
Peridinium bipes F.SteinP-st-str--oh-o1.30---
Peridinium cinctum (O.F.Müller)P-B-st-str--i-b-o1.60--k
Peridinium willei Huitfeldt-KaasP-st----o-b1.50---
Euglenophyceae Schoenichen
Euglena oblonga F.SchmitzPetermst-strind6.0–8.0--b2.10---
Euglena texta (Dujardin) HübnerPetermst-strind---b2.30---
Euglena viridis (O.F.Müller) EhrenbergP-B,Setermst-strind4.0–8.5mh-i4.00--k
Euglenaformis proxima (P.A.Dangeard) M.S.Bennett & TriemerP-Betermst-strind6.8–8.8mh-p-a3.50---
Lepocinclis oxyuris (Schmarda) B.Marin & MelkonianP-B-st-strind7mh-a-o2.60---
Lepocinclis spirogyroides B.Marin & MelkonianP-B-st-strind7.6i-b-a2.40---
Monomorphina pyrum (Ehrenberg) MereschkowskyP-Betermst-strind5.5–9.5mh-b2.35---
Phacus caudatus HübnerP-Betermst-stralf7.9i-b2.30---
Phacus orbicularis HübnerP-B-st-strind7.0i-b-a2.45---
Trachelomonas dubia SvirenkoP-st-str----b2.00---
Trachelomonas dybowskii Dreżepolski-------b2.30---
Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) F.SteinP-Betermst-str--i-b2.20--k
Trachelomonas intermedia P.A.DangeardP-Beterm---i-b2.20---
Trachelomonas lacustris Dreżepolski-eterm---hb-o-b1.50---
Trachelomonas macropunctata (Skvortsov) Deflandre-------b2.25---
Trachelomonas planctonica f. oblonga (Drezepolski) T.G.PopovaPetermst-str----b2.20---
Trachelomonas similis A.StokesP-B----i-b2.20---
Notes: “-“, not found. Abbreviations: habitat (Hab) (P—planktonic, P-B—plankto-benthic, B—benthic, S—soil); temperature (T) preferences (cool—cool water, temp—temperate, eterm—eurythermic, warm—warm water); oxygenation and water movement (Oxy) (aer—aerophiles, str—streaming water, st-str—low streaming water, st—standing, H2S—sulfides); pH preference groups (pH) according to Hustedt (1957) [52] (alb—alkalibiontes; alf—alkaliphiles, ind—indifferent; acf—acidophiles, neu—neutrophiles as a part of indifferents); salinity ecological groups (Sal) according to Hustedt (1938–1939) [53] (hb—oligohalobes–halophobes, i—oligohalobes-indifferent, hl—halophiles, mh—mesohalobes, oh—oligohalobes of wide spectrum with optimum as indifferent); Index S, species-specific index saprobity according to Sládeček (1986) [54]; self-purification zone with index of saprobity (Sap) (x/0.0—xenosaprobe, x-o/0.4—xeno-oligosaprobe, o-x/0.6—oligo-xenosaprobe, x-b/0.8—xeno-betamesosaprobe, o/1.0—oligosaprobe, o-b/1.4—oligo-betamesosaprobe, b-o/1.6—beta-oligosaprobe, o-a/1.8—oligo-alphamesosaprobe, b/2.0—betamesosaprobe, b-a/2.4—beta-alphamesosaprobe, a-o/2.6—alpha-oligosaprobe, a/3.0—alphamesosaprobe, p-a/4.0—poly-alphamesosaprobe, i/>4.0—i-eusaprobe); organic pollution indicators according to Watanabe et al. (1986) [55] (D) (sx—saproxenes, es—eurysaprobes, sp—saprophiles); nitrogen uptake metabolism (Aut-Het) (Van Dam et al., 1994) [56] (ats—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating very small concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; ate—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hne—facultative nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing periodically elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hce—obligate nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing continuously elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen); trophic state indicators (Tro) (Van Dam et al., 1994) [56] (ot—oligotraphentic, om—oligomesotraphentic, m—mesotraphentic, me—mesoeutraphentic, e—eutraphentic, o-e—oligo to hypereutraphentic).

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Figure 1. Sampling points in the studied area of Kotelny Island along with wind rose seasonality, numbers according to Table 1.
Figure 1. Sampling points in the studied area of Kotelny Island along with wind rose seasonality, numbers according to Table 1.
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Figure 2. Natural landscape of investigated water bodies of Kotelny Island. Arctic tundra with a pool (station 3) (a) and stream (station 2) (b).
Figure 2. Natural landscape of investigated water bodies of Kotelny Island. Arctic tundra with a pool (station 3) (a) and stream (station 2) (b).
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Figure 3. Distribution of taxonomic components at the class level for the sampling points of Kotelny Island.
Figure 3. Distribution of taxonomic components at the class level for the sampling points of Kotelny Island.
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Figure 4. Tree of similarity for taxonomical and ecological data on the studied water bodies of Kotelny Island based on Table A1 and Table A2 in Appendix A.
Figure 4. Tree of similarity for taxonomical and ecological data on the studied water bodies of Kotelny Island based on Table A1 and Table A2 in Appendix A.
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Figure 5. Correlation graph of JASP for taxonomical and ecological data of the water bodies studied on Kotelny Island based on Table A1 in Appendix A and Table 4. 1, 2—community cores.
Figure 5. Correlation graph of JASP for taxonomical and ecological data of the water bodies studied on Kotelny Island based on Table A1 in Appendix A and Table 4. 1, 2—community cores.
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Figure 6. Distribution of habitat indicators (a) and geographic distribution (b) of taxa in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island. Abbreviations in the legend: habitat (P—planktonic, P-B—plankto-benthic, B—benthic, S—soil) and geographic distribution (a-a—Arcto-alpine, b—Boreal, Ha—Holarctic, k—cosmopolitan).
Figure 6. Distribution of habitat indicators (a) and geographic distribution (b) of taxa in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island. Abbreviations in the legend: habitat (P—planktonic, P-B—plankto-benthic, B—benthic, S—soil) and geographic distribution (a-a—Arcto-alpine, b—Boreal, Ha—Holarctic, k—cosmopolitan).
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Figure 7. Distribution of taxa indicators of temperature (a), oxygen (b), pH (c), and salinity (d) in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island.
Figure 7. Distribution of taxa indicators of temperature (a), oxygen (b), pH (c), and salinity (d) in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island.
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Figure 8. Distribution of taxa indicators of autotrophy–heterotrophy (a), trophic state (b), organic pollution according to categories of Watanabe (c), and the class of water quality based on species-specific Index Saprobity S (d) in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island.
Figure 8. Distribution of taxa indicators of autotrophy–heterotrophy (a), trophic state (b), organic pollution according to categories of Watanabe (c), and the class of water quality based on species-specific Index Saprobity S (d) in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island.
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Figure 9. Statistical maps of the distribution of the total taxa number (a), Chlorophyceae taxa (b), Zygnematophyceae taxa (c), Bacillariophyceae taxa (d), Holarctic taxa (e), and Arcto-alpine taxa (f) in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island.
Figure 9. Statistical maps of the distribution of the total taxa number (a), Chlorophyceae taxa (b), Zygnematophyceae taxa (c), Bacillariophyceae taxa (d), Holarctic taxa (e), and Arcto-alpine taxa (f) in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island.
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Figure 10. Statistical maps of altitude (a), halophobe taxa indicators (b), acidophile taxa indicators (c), standing water taxa indicators (d), warm-water taxa indicators (e), mesohalobe taxa indicators (f), saprophyle taxa indicators (g), and Class 4 water quality taxa indicators in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island (h).
Figure 10. Statistical maps of altitude (a), halophobe taxa indicators (b), acidophile taxa indicators (c), standing water taxa indicators (d), warm-water taxa indicators (e), mesohalobe taxa indicators (f), saprophyle taxa indicators (g), and Class 4 water quality taxa indicators in aquatic communities of Kotelny Island (h).
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Table 1. Description of study sites with their geographical coordinates in Kotelny Island, New Siberian Islands Archipelago, Yakutia.
Table 1. Description of study sites with their geographical coordinates in Kotelny Island, New Siberian Islands Archipelago, Yakutia.
No of StationSampling DateNorthEastElevation, mShort Description
18 August 201875°59.590′137°50.653′3A small pond 4 m × 5 m on a hill.
28 August 201875°59.590′137°50.653′4Nameless stream, mouth, bottom with silt and pebbles.
37 August 201875°53.072′137°26.397′15A pool among the baydzharakhs. Banks with sedge thickets.
48 August 201875°52.040′137°28.315′2Mouth of the Bysakh-Karga River, bottom with pebbles.
55 August 201875°51.976′137°30.980′23Nameless river left tributary of the Bysakh-Karga River. Banks with sedge thickets. The bottom is rocky with silt deposits
64 August 201875°52.743′137°32.471′35Puddle on a hill, in sedge thickets.
73 August 201875°45.078′137°44.685′6Pool in the tidal zone of the Pshenitsyna Lagoon, Phippsia thickets, muddy bottom.
83 August 201875°45.195′137°47.825′53A pool on the slope of a hill. Banks with thickets of sedge, bottom with moss, small stones, and silt.
93 August 201875°45.314′137°48.619′29Pool on the left bank of the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River.
103 August 201875°45.379′137°48.648′25A pool on a hill on the left bank. Kuchchugui-Sulbut River.
113 August 201875°45.363′137°48.798′24A pool in a small slope depression on the bank of the Kuchchugui-Sulbut River in sedge thickets.
123 August 201875°45.489′137°48.779′12Kuchchugui-Sulbut River.
Table 2. Richest genera in the communities of studied aquatic habitats of Kotelny Island in August 2018.
Table 2. Richest genera in the communities of studied aquatic habitats of Kotelny Island in August 2018.
GenusSt. 1St. 2St. 3St. 4St. 5St. 6St. 7St. 9St. 10St. 11St. 12
Cosmarium571001015001050
Staurastrum20504500000
Closterium33404000000
Navicula00090040000
Encyonema00030000302
Trachelomonas00000003400
Nitzschia00040000000
Gomphonema00000003000
Peridinium03000000000
Euglena00000000020
Fragilaria00000002000
Merismopedia00000020000
Staurodesmus00000200000
Tribonema00000000020
Tryblionella00000020000
Cymbella00000000001
Hantzschia00000000001
No of Taxa101319161822881794
Table 3. Spreading of taxa number in groups by geographic distribution in the aquatic communities of Kotelny Island, New Siberian Islands Archipelago, Yakutia.
Table 3. Spreading of taxa number in groups by geographic distribution in the aquatic communities of Kotelny Island, New Siberian Islands Archipelago, Yakutia.
Geographic DistributionSt. 1St. 2St. 3St. 4St. 5St. 6St. 7St. 8St. 9St. 10St. 11St. 12
a-a111221301212
b100010000100
Ha111011001000
k1419192717131301721128
Notes. Abbreviations: a-a—Arcto-alpine taxa, b—Boreal taxa, Ha—Holarctic taxa, k—cosmopolitan taxa.
Table 4. Distribution of taxa indicator numbers in the aquatic communities of Kotelny Island, New Siberian Islands Archipelago, Yakutia.
Table 4. Distribution of taxa indicator numbers in the aquatic communities of Kotelny Island, New Siberian Islands Archipelago, Yakutia.
VariableSt. 1St. 2St. 3St. 4St. 5St. 6St. 7St. 8St. 9St. 10St. 11St. 12
Habitat
S111101001110
B1181521139101121788
P-B1256585306941
P418181715151301518175
Temperature
cool000010000001
temp454932306342
eterm112121103440
warm001000101000
Oxygen
aer111230203330
str122420105532
st-str141615201612701519108
st646544515562
H2S000000000010
pH
alb000200000000
acf647455002531
ind131319151818501624119
alf24215301105352
Salinity
hb012224001300
i18192229211711020281510
hl020631604032
mh122201401311
Watanabe
sx333671303306
es4461342609754
sp000100101110
Trophy
ot200311101331
o-m233883506865
m56102812104831
me556433304501
e253642403332
o-e223621003213
Autotrophy–Heterotrophy
ats012420104522
ate5651672508726
hne000100101111
hce000000100000
Class of Water Quality
Class 1011121201312
Class 212111319171151151678
Class 3101217191691001217152
Class 4233412405542
Class 5011000000010
Notes: “0“, not found. Abbreviations: habitat (Hab) (P—planktonic, P-B—plankto-benthic, B—benthic, S—soil); temperature (T) preferences (cool—cool water, temp—temperate, eterm—eurythermic, warm—warm water); oxygenation and water movement (Oxy) (aer—aerophiles, str—streaming water, st-str—low streaming water, st—standing, H2S—sulfides); pH preference groups (pH) according to Hustedt (1957) [52] (alb—alkalibiontes, alf—alkaliphiles, ind—indifferent, acf—acidophiles, neu—neutrophiles as a part of indifferents); salinity ecological groups (Sal) according to Hustedt (1938–1939) [53] (hb—oligohalobes–halophobes, i—oligohalobes-indifferent, hl—halophiles, mh—mesohalobes); Index S, species-specific index saprobity according to Sládeček (1986) [54] with relation to the lass od Water Quality [47]; organic pollution indicators according to Watanabe et al. (1986) [55] (D) (sx—saproxenes, es—eurysaprobes, sp—saprophiles); nitrogen uptake metabolism (Aut-Het) (Van Dam et al., 1994) [56] (ats—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating very small concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; ate—nitrogen-autotrophic taxa, tolerating elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hne—facultative nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing periodically elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hce—obligate nitrogen-heterotrophic taxa, needing continuously elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen); trophic state indicators (Tro) (Van Dam et al., 1994) [56] (ot—oligotraphentic, om—oligomesotraphentic, m—mesotraphentic, me—mesoeutraphentic, e—eutraphentic, o-e—oligo to hypereutraphentic).
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Barinova, S.; Gabyshev, V. The Influence of Arctic Conditions on the Formation of Algae and Cyanobacteria Diversity and on the Water Quality of Freshwater Habitats on Kotelny Island, Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve, Yakutia. Water 2024, 16, 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091231

AMA Style

Barinova S, Gabyshev V. The Influence of Arctic Conditions on the Formation of Algae and Cyanobacteria Diversity and on the Water Quality of Freshwater Habitats on Kotelny Island, Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve, Yakutia. Water. 2024; 16(9):1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091231

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barinova, Sophia, and Viktor Gabyshev. 2024. "The Influence of Arctic Conditions on the Formation of Algae and Cyanobacteria Diversity and on the Water Quality of Freshwater Habitats on Kotelny Island, Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve, Yakutia" Water 16, no. 9: 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091231

APA Style

Barinova, S., & Gabyshev, V. (2024). The Influence of Arctic Conditions on the Formation of Algae and Cyanobacteria Diversity and on the Water Quality of Freshwater Habitats on Kotelny Island, Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve, Yakutia. Water, 16(9), 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091231

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