Case Study: Effect of Climatic Characterization on River Discharge in an Alpine-Prealpine Catchment of the Spanish Pyrenees Using the SWAT Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. The SWAT Model and Input Data
2.3. Model Parameterization
2.4. Climatic Scenarios
2.5. Model Evaluation
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rainfall Stations | Elevation | Average Annual Precipitation # | Temperature Station | Elevation | Average Annual Temperature # |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | mm | m | °C | ||
(9829) Mediano | 483 | 750/(679) | (9756) Benabarre | 734 | 11.6 |
(9840) Eriste | 1078 | 1105/(960) | (9828) Tierrantona | 635 | 12.1 |
(9841) Sesue | 943 | 1106/(993) | (9829) Mediano | 483 | 12.9 |
(9853) Serraduy | 905 | 725/(684) | (9853) Serraduy | 905 | 11.9 |
Synthetic | 2000 | 2232/(1939) | (9851) Las Paules | 1402 | 8.3 |
Synthetic | 2000 | 5.0 |
Gauge Station | Elevation | Drainage Area | Streamflow 2003–2005 | Streamflow 1994–1996 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | mdn | sd | max | min | m | mdn | sd | max | min | |||
m | km2 | m3∙s−1 | m3∙s−1 | |||||||||
Capella | 486 | 428.3 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 16.6 | 0.6 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 5.0 | 24.2 | 0.6 |
Linsoles | 1050 | 284.9 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 20.5 | 0.7 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Graus | 455 | 894.2 | 18.0 | 14.2 | 11.9 | 47.2 | 4.8 | 18.2 | 14.1 | 11.2 | 47.4 | 4.9 |
Parameter | SWAT Range | Default Value | Fitted Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
snow | Snow fall temperature, SFTMP (°C) | −5 to 5 | 1 | 1.5 |
Snowmelt temperature, SMTMP (°C) | −5 to 5 | 0.5 | 4.3 | |
Maximum melt rate of snow during a year, SMFMX (mm/°C/day) | 0–10 | 4.5 | 1.5 | |
Minimum melt rate of snow during a year, SMFMN (mm/°C/day) | 0–10 | 4.5 | 0.1 | |
Snow pack temperature lag factor (TIMP) | 0–1 | 1 | 0.1 | |
Minimum snow water content at 100% snow cover, SNOCOVMX (mm) | 0–500 | 1 | 200 | |
Snow water equivalent at 50% snow cover, SNO50COV | 0–1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | |
groundwater | Initial depth of water in the shallow aquifer, SHALLST (mm H2O) | 100–50,000 | 0.5 | 100 |
Initial depth of water in the deep aquifer, DEEPST (mm H2O) | 1000–50,000 | 1000 | 1000 | |
Groundwater delay, GW_DELAY (days) | 0–500 | 31 | 31 | |
Baseflow alpha factor, ALPHA_BF (days) | 0–1 | 0.048 | 0.02 | |
Threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer required for return flow to occur, GWQMN (mm H2O) | 0–5000 | 0 | 30 | |
Groundwater “revap” coefficient, GW_REVAP | 0.02–0.2 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
Threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer for “revap” to occur, REVAPMN (mm H2O) | 0–500 | 1 | 0 | |
channel | Manning’s “n” roughness value for the main channel, CH_N2 | −0.01–0.3 | 0.014 | 0.08 |
Scenarios | m | mdn | sd | NSE | Dv | RMSE | NSE25 | Dv25 | RMSE25 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m3∙s−1 | % | m3∙s−1 | % | m3∙s−1 | |||||
2003–2005 | |||||||||
Capella | |||||||||
A1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 0.73 | 23.3 | 1.9 | −0.30 | 20.8 | 3.6 |
B1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 0.73 | 23.4 | 1.9 | −0.30 | 20.8 | 3.6 |
A2 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 0.80 | −4.6 | 1.7 | 0.35 | 9.6 | 2.5 |
B2 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 0.80 | −4.5 | 1.7 | 0.35 | 9.6 | 2.5 |
Linsoles | |||||||||
A1 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 2.5 | −0.09 | 28.5 | 5.5 | −4.45 | 66.6 | 10.2 |
B1 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 5.1 | 0.13 | −20.4 | 4.9 | −1.23 | 22.1 | 6.5 |
A2 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 5.2 | 0.62 | −29.7 | 3.2 | 0.49 | −2.9 | 3.1 |
B2 | 9.7 | 8.3 | 6.0 | −0.28 | −54.3 | 5.9 | −0.95 | −1.5 | 6.1 |
Graus | |||||||||
A1 | 13.5 | 12.4 | 8.4 | 0.28 | 25.1 | 9.9 | −3.54 | 44.2 | 17.5 |
B1 | 16.6 | 15.8 | 9.3 | 0.57 | 8.0 | 7.7 | −1.28 | 29.2 | 12.4 |
A2 | 19.2 | 18.4 | 10.6 | 0.83 | −6.6 | 4.8 | 0.66 | 7.2 | 4.8 |
B2 | 20.8 | 18.2 | 11.3 | 0.62 | −15.1 | 7.2 | 0.07 | 8.0 | 7.9 |
1994–1996 | |||||||||
Capella | |||||||||
A1 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 0.61 | 26.6 | 3.2 | 0.49 | 42.0 | 6.2 |
B1 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 0.61 | 26.6 | 3.2 | 0.49 | 42.2 | 6.2 |
A2 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 0.67 | 9.2 | 2.9 | 0.64 | 32.4 | 5.2 |
B2 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 0.67 | 9.2 | 2.9 | 0.64 | 32.5 | 5.2 |
Linsoles | |||||||||
A1 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | Nd |
B1 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | Nd |
A2 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | Nd |
B2 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | Nd |
Graus | |||||||||
A1 | 17.6 | 15.3 | 13.0 | 0.13 | 3.8 | 10.5 | −5.09 | 15.1 | 17.0 |
B1 | 20.3 | 17.0 | 12.5 | 0.47 | −11.7 | 8.2 | −1.55 | 0.3 | 11.0 |
A2 | 22.6 | 18.6 | 11.9 | 0.54 | −22.1 | 7.7 | −0.32 | −4.4 | 7.9 |
B2 | 24.7 | 19.3 | 13.0 | 0.34 | −31.1 | 9.2 | −0.92 | −11.5 | 9.6 |
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Palazón, L.; Navas, A. Case Study: Effect of Climatic Characterization on River Discharge in an Alpine-Prealpine Catchment of the Spanish Pyrenees Using the SWAT Model. Water 2016, 8, 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100471
Palazón L, Navas A. Case Study: Effect of Climatic Characterization on River Discharge in an Alpine-Prealpine Catchment of the Spanish Pyrenees Using the SWAT Model. Water. 2016; 8(10):471. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100471
Chicago/Turabian StylePalazón, Leticia, and Ana Navas. 2016. "Case Study: Effect of Climatic Characterization on River Discharge in an Alpine-Prealpine Catchment of the Spanish Pyrenees Using the SWAT Model" Water 8, no. 10: 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100471