Dynamics of Water Vapor Content around Isolated Sprinklers: Description and Validation of Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Considerations
2.1. Vapor Pressure Deficit
2.2. Water Vapor Dynamics during Irrigation
2.3. Water Vapor Dynamics after Irrigation
2.4. Overall Water Vapor Dynamics
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Experimental Site
3.2. Simulator for Single Sprinkler
3.3. Water Vapor Measuring System
3.4. Statistics Processing and Analysis
3.5. General Characteristics of the Experiments
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Water Vapor Dynamics
4.2. Water Vapor Dynamics and Meterorology
4.3. Water Vapor Increment
4.4. Model Validation
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tests | Date | RH (%) | T (°C) | W (m s−1) | VPD (kPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 29 August | 44.18 | 31.09 | 0.70 | 2.521 |
2 | 3 September | 43.10 | 31.80 | 0.81 | 2.675 |
3 | 21 September | 42.59 | 28.05 | 0.52 | 2.176 |
4 | 3 October | 41.75 | 24.58 | 0.89 | 1.800 |
5 | 9 October | 20.81 | 19.70 | 0.90 | 1.818 |
6 | 14 October | 48.21 | 21.75 | 0.80 | 1.349 |
7 | 1 November | 31.07 | 17.29 | 0.84 | 1.360 |
Date | Distance (m) | Model: During Irrigation 0 < t ≤ ts | Model: After Irrigation t ≥ ts | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Am1 (g m−3) | k (h−1) | Ra2 | p | Am2 (g m−3) | As (g m−3) | r (h−1) | ts (h) | Ra2 | p | ||
29 August | 0 | 2.746 | 17.675 | 0.894 | <0.001 | 2.769 | 2.746 | 4.015 | 1 | 0.960 | <0.001 |
2 | 2.808 | 7.599 | 0.944 | <0.001 | 3.430 | 2.806 | 2.593 | 1 | 0.971 | <0.001 | |
3 September | 0 | 4.096 | 10.103 | 0.858 | <0.001 | 4.129 | 4.096 | 4.174 | 1 | 0.956 | <0.001 |
2 | 3.380 | 10.320 | 0.790 | <0.001 | 3.393 | 3.380 | 6.176 | 1 | 0.901 | <0.001 | |
21 September | 0 | 2.682 | 7.957 | 0.673 | <0.001 | 2.921 | 2.681 | 1.902 | 1 | 0.974 | <0.001 |
2 | 2.609 | 5.300 | 0.756 | <0.001 | 4.868 | 2.596 | 1.765 | 1 | 0.935 | <0.001 | |
3 October | 0 | 6.552 | 4.449 | 0.898 | <0.001 | 6.769 | 6.476 | 3.731 | 1 | 0.966 | <0.001 |
2 | 2.958 | 2.822 | 0.808 | <0.001 | 3.545 | 2.782 | 3.271 | 1 | 0.912 | <0.001 | |
9 October | 0 | 5.842 | 3.403 | 0.868 | <0.001 | 5.768 | 5.648 | 6.460 | 1 | 0.980 | <0.001 |
2 | 3.426 | 3.394 | 0.817 | <0.001 | 3.672 | 3.311 | 4.206 | 1 | 0.952 | <0.001 | |
14 October | 0 | 4.094 | 9.010 | 0.925 | <0.001 | 4.474 | 4.094 | 1.471 | 1 | 0.966 | <0.001 |
2 | 2.029 | 7.209 | 0.644 | <0.001 | 6.106 | 2.028 | 0.672 | 1 | 0.759 | <0.001 | |
1 November | 0 | 2.557 | 3.930 | 0.862 | <0.001 | 2.778 | 2.506 | 1.883 | 1 | 0.969 | <0.001 |
2 | 1.322 | 3.370 | 0.947 | <0.001 | 1.357 | 1.277 | 2.334 | 1 | 0.957 | <0.001 |
Coefficients | Model Performance | |
---|---|---|
Next to the Sprinkler | 2 m from Sprinkler | |
SD | 1.72 | 1.04 |
RMSE | 0.34 | 0.27 |
ni | 4.05 | 2.91 |
Nash—Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient | 0.961 | 0.934 |
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Jiao, J.; Su, D.; Wang, Y. Dynamics of Water Vapor Content around Isolated Sprinklers: Description and Validation of Model. Water 2017, 9, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050307
Jiao J, Su D, Wang Y. Dynamics of Water Vapor Content around Isolated Sprinklers: Description and Validation of Model. Water. 2017; 9(5):307. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050307
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiao, Jian, Derong Su, and Yadong Wang. 2017. "Dynamics of Water Vapor Content around Isolated Sprinklers: Description and Validation of Model" Water 9, no. 5: 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050307